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PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)

supporting mitochondrial function and antioxidant activity

supplement
Traditional useNeeds more research

Cofactor supporting mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defense.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor found in various foods, including kiwi, parsley, and tofu. It is sometimes referred to as a vitamin-like compound due to its involvement in cellular processes, particularly those related to energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. PQQ is recognized for its potential role in mitochondrial function, which is crucial for cellular energy production. Research into PQQ's effects is ongoing, with preliminary studies exploring its impact on cognitive function and oxidative stress.

Quick answer

What it is: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor found in various foods, including kiwi, parsley, and tofu.

Evidence Summary

The current understanding of PQQ's effects in humans is largely based on preliminary research, including in vitro and animal studies, with a limited number of human clinical trials. This foundational research suggests potential benefits, but more robust human studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Last reviewed · Jun 2026

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Commonly Combined With

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Why It Works

Activates PGC-1α; redox cycling antioxidant.

How it works in more detail

PQQ functions as a coenzyme for certain bacterial dehydrogenases and is involved in electron transfer within cells. It is thought to influence mitochondrial activity by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis (the growth and division of existing mitochondria) and protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage. PQQ's antioxidant properties stem from its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its stability through numerous redox cycles, allowing it to continuously participate in antioxidant processes. It may also modulate signaling pathways related to cellular stress responses.

How to use

Always consult a qualified clinician.

Editorial guidance

Suggested dosage
10–20 mg/day
Commonly combined with
  • CoQ10

    PQQ and CoQ10 are often combined due to their synergistic roles in mitochondrial function and energy production. PQQ promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, while CoQ10 is essential for the electron transport chain.

    Scientific review
Research dosage range
Human studies have often used dosages ranging from 10 mg to 20 mg per day.
Typical onset
The onset of effects for PQQ is not well-documented in human studies. Any perceived benefits may take several weeks or months of consistent supplementation to become apparent.
Dosing citations
Typical forms
capsule, powder
Quality markers
Look for products from reputable manufacturers that provide third-party testing for purity and potency. Ensure the product lists the specific form of PQQ, such as disodium salt.

Community tips

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Suggested dosage

10–20 mg/day
Sources:[1]Review

Active medicinal compounds

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)

Traditional use

PQQ is a relatively recently identified compound and does not have a history of traditional use in herbal medicine systems like Ayurveda or Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Safety

Safety warnings

Generally safe.
Sources:[1]Review

Evidence ecosystem

Scientific literature, clinical guidance, government sources, ongoing research, traditional use, and lived experience — grouped by source type and quality.

No indexed evidence yet. We're still building out this remedy's evidence ecosystem.

Limitations: A significant limitation is the lack of extensive, large-scale, placebo-controlled human clinical trials. Many studies are preclinical (in vitro or animal models), and the few human studies are often small in scale, short in duration, or have methodological limitations. This makes it challenging to draw definitive conclusions about efficacy and optimal dosing in humans.

This page is educational. Statements use phrases like "may support" and "has been studied for"because no remedy here is approved to cure, treat, or reverse any condition. Discussion happens on the ailment pages — community statistics here are derived from those reports. Always consult a qualified clinician.

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