High Cholesterol

Effects of diets containing fish oils or fish oil concentrates with high cetoleic acid content on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mjaatveit M, Oldernes H, Gudbrandsen OA · The British journal of nutrition · 2024

Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for CVD. Fish intake is associated with lower risk of CVD, whereas supplementation with n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) has little effect on the cholesterol concentration. We therefore investigated if cetoleic acid (CA), a long-chain MUFA (LC-MUFA) found especially in pelagic fish species, could lower the circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration in rodents. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (rodents), intervention (CA-rich fish oils or concentrates), comparator (diets not containing CA) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4.1 (the Cochrane Collaboration) to determine the effectiveness of consuming diets containing CA-rich fish oils or concentrates on the circulating TC concentration. Twelve articles were included in

Breast cancer and its determinants in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Shama AT, Terefa DR, Desisa AE, Lema M, Cheme MC, Geta ET · BMJ open · 2024

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among women. Still, there is a paucity of studies to know the magnitude of the problem in Ethiopia. Hence, this review was intended to pool the prevalence and identify the determinants of breast cancer in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Databases like PubMed/MEDLINE, HINARI, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, as well as websites of organisationsI organizations,rewere searched between 25 February and 6 March 2023. All observational studies in Ethiopia that reported either the magnitude and/or determinants of breast cancer regardless of publication status were included. Two authors independently assessed and extracted the data. The Joanna Briggs Institute meta-analysis of statistics assessment and review instrument quality appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the articles. Effect estimates were done by using the random-effects model. The meta-analysis results were displaye

Effects of diets containing proteins from fish muscles or fish by-products on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

O'Keeffe M, Gudbrandsen OA · The British journal of nutrition · 2023

A high circulating cholesterol concentration is considered an important risk factor for the development of CVD. Since lean fish intake and fish protein supplementation have been associated with lower cholesterol concentration in some but not all clinical studies, the main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing proteins from fish muscles and fish by-products on the serum/plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentration in rodents. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (rodents), intervention (type of fish and fraction, protein dose and duration), comparator (casein) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5·4·1 (the Cochrane Collaboration) to determine the effectiveness of proteins from fish on the circulating TC concentration. Thirty-nine arti

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo a systematic review of the effects of comorbidities.

Alolayet H, Murdin L · Frontiers in neurology · 2025

The prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) increases with age, as does the occurrence of other chronic health conditions. Although treatment with canalith-repositioning procedures (CRPs) is relatively successful, efficacy on the first attempt varies. Several studies have examined the influence of risk factors on BPPV occurrence and the efficacy of initial CRPs. However, findings are controversial. The objective of this study is to identify comorbidities associated with BPPV occurrence and explore their influence on the success of initial CRPs. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE and CINAHL were searched to identify eligible English original studies published from January 2019 to June 2024. All search results were reviewed based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 463 studies identified, 50 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were analysed. Eighteen studies focused on BPPV occurrence, 24 on the initial-CRP o

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System and General Health.

Parmar MP, Kaur M, Bhavanam S, Mulaka GSR, Ishfaq L, Vempati R · Cureus · 2023

The main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is smoking. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are two dangerous substances that are found in cigarette smoke. The increased heart rate can have an almost instantaneous impact on the heart and blood vessels. Smoking is well known to cause oxidative stress, endanger the lining of the arteries, and accelerate the accumulation of fatty plaque in the blood vessels. It raises the danger of sudden thrombotic events, inflammatory alterations, and low-density lipoprotein oxidation. The smoke's carbon monoxide decreases the blood's capacity to deliver oxygen, adding to the heart's stress. Notably, these risks increase when diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and glucose intolerance are present. It has a detrimental effect on peripheral blood vessels, raising the possibility of thromboangiitis obliterans. Stroke risk is known to be increased by smoking. As compared to those who continue to smoke, those who give up smoking have a muc

COVID-19 and screen-based sedentary behaviour: Systematic review of digital screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Musa S, Elyamani R, Dergaa I · PloS one · 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted governments around the globe to implement various restriction policies, including lockdown, social distancing, and school closures. Subsequently, there has been a surge in sedentary behaviour particularly screen time (ST) together with a significant decline in physical activity that was more marked amongst children and adolescents. Excessive screen exposure in adolescents has been correlated with cardio-metabolic risk factors including obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and glucose intolerance that may have adverse morbidity and mortality implications in adulthood. Thus, the current study aimed to synthesize the literature on the relationship between ST of various types and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2021, a systematic search of the literature was undertaken using electronic databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochran library. Studies were considered if they met the f

Hypertriglyceridemia (>150mg/dL) as a marker of cardiovascular risk.

López-Miranda J · Clinica e investigacion en arteriosclerosis : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Arteriosclerosis · 2025

In patients who have achieved optimal LDL-C control, there remains a residual risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related to alterations in lipid metabolism, among which alterations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the cholesterol they contain, known as remnant cholesterol, play a major role. Remnant cholesterol is related to ASCVD risk that is independent of LDL-C and has been demonstrated in epidemiological and Mendelian randomization studies. Numerous epidemiological and genetic Mendelian randomization studies support that elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and remnant cholesterol are causally associated with ASCVD, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, aortic valve stenosis, and all-cause mortality. The remnant particles of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are highly atherogenic due to their ability to enter and be retained in the arterial wall, their high cholesterol content, and their capacity to generate foam cells, induce endothelial dysfunct

Impact of dietary cholesterol from eggs and saturated fat on LDL cholesterol levels: a randomized cross-over study.

Carter S, Hill AM, Yandell C, Wood L, Coates AM, Buckley JD · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025 · n=61

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death. Although dietary cholesterol from eggs has been a focus of dietary guidelines, recent evidence suggests that saturated fat has a greater impact on LDL cholesterol. This study examined the independent effects of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat on LDL concentrations. In this randomized, controlled, cross-over study (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05267522), 61 adults (age 39 ± 12 y, BMI 25.8 ± 5.9 kg/m2) with baseline LDL cholesterol <3.5 mmol/L (135.3 μg/dL) were assigned to 3 isocaloric diets for 5 wk each: high-cholesterol (600 mg/d), low-saturated fat (6%) including 2 eggs/d (EGG); low-cholesterol (300 mg/d), high-saturated fat (12%) without eggs (EGG-FREE); and a high-cholesterol (600 mg/d), high-saturated fat (12%) control diet (CON) including 1 egg/wk. Outcomes were assessed at the end of each diet phase. Fifty-four participants completed ≥1 diet phase, and 48 completed all diet phases. Compa

Living longer and lifestyle: A report on the oldest of the old in the Adventist Health Study-2.

Santos HD, Alabadi-Bierman A, Paalani M, Padilla SL, Alvarez A, Beeson WL · JAR life · 2025

This investigation aimed to evaluate and describe the health profile and dietary patterns of the oldest Adventists (individuals aged 80 years and older). Cross-sectional investigation. Self-administered lifestyle questionnaire in Adventist congregations in North America. 7192 individuals aged 80 years of age or older enrolled in the Adventist Health Study-2. Dietary intakes for participants were evaluated using a self-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Selected health outcomes data were assessed with the baseline self-administered medical history questionnaire. Our cohort of the old adults Adventists had a predominant female participation (62 %), and the percentage of vegetarians was 52.7 %. Based on classification into respective dietary patterns, 7.8 % of the study population were vegan, 29.2 % of the participants were lacto-ovo vegetarians, 10.2 % were pesco-vegetarians, 5.5 % were semi-vegetarians, and 47.3 % were non-vegetarians. Regarding the assessment

27-hydroxycholesterol linked high cholesterol diet to lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.

Li X, Chen H, Zhang L, Chen L, Wei W, Gao S · Oncogene · 2022

Dietary cholesterol has been implicated to promote lung cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is a main type of lung cancer, whereas the functional mechanism of cholesterol in LAC remained largely unknown. In the present study, we evidenced that cholesterol promoted cell proliferation and invasion of LAC in vitro as well as LAC metastasis in vivo. Cyp27A1 knockdown reduced the cholesterol-induced LAC cells proliferation and invasion. In contrast, Cyp7B1 knockdown enhanced the effect of cholesterol on LAC cells proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, Cyp27A1 deficiency remarkably reduced high cholesterol-induced LAC metastasis in vivo. Mechanism investigation demonstrated that exposure of LAC cells to 27-hydroxycholesterol induced the phosphorylation of AKT and NFκB p65, and promoted the expression of peptidylprolyl isomerase B (PPIB), especially in the coculture with THP1-derived macrophage. Meanwhile, 27-hydroxycholesterol induced the secretion of FGF2 and IL-6, which contributed t

Integrating serum pharmacochemistry and metabolomics to reveal the potential effective ingredients and mechanism of Huangqi Chifeng Tang intervening carotid atherosclerosis.

Liang Y, Liu J, Zhang C, Cheng J, Lu F, Chen P · Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2025

As a representative herbal formula in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Huangqi ChiFeng Tang (HQCFT) is composed of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. It has been clinically employed for managing carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) through its multi-component synergistic therapeutic effects. However, the material basis and mechanism of its pharmacological effects have not been systematically elucidated. To systematically elucidate the pharmacological substance basis and mechanism of action of HQCFT intervention in CAS. Experiments were performed with high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFHCD) and carotid artery ligation induced CAS rats. Identification of chemical components of HQCFT and blood components after oral administration in rats using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS technology. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to analyze the metabolite profile of rat serum after HQCFT intervention. In vivo anti-CAS effe

Imidazole propionate is a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.

Mastrangelo A, Robles-Vera I, Mañanes D, Galán M, Femenía-Muiña M, Redondo-Urzainqui A · Nature · 2025

Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases. Its prevention is based on the detection and treatment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors1. However, individuals at risk for early vascular disease often remain unidentified2. Recent research has identified new molecules in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis3, highlighting the need for alternative disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve early diagnosis and therapy efficacy. Here, we observed that imidazole propionate (ImP), produced by microorganisms, is associated with the extent of atherosclerosis in mice and in two independent human cohorts. Furthermore, ImP administration to atherosclerosis-prone mice fed with chow diet was sufficient to induce atherosclerosis without altering the lipid profile, and was linked to activation of both systemic and local innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. Specifically, we found that ImP caused atherosclerosis through the imidazoline-1 receptor

Revisiting the role of GDF15 in atherosclerosis in mouse and human.

Liu MN, Liu ZH, Leng RX, Strijdom H, Weng JP, Xu SW · Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a key regulator of food intake and energy metabolism. GDF15 mimetic drugs for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and obesity are under clinical development. While GDF15 presents a promising target for weight management, its potential cardiovascular actions remain elusive. In this study we investigated the role of GDF15 in macrophage function and atherosclerosis pathogenesis and whether GDF15 acts both as a biomarker and mediator of atherosclerosis severity. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD, 1.25% cholesterol) for 6, 12 or 18 weeks to establish atherosclerotic models. We showed that serum levels of GDF15 were elevated in ApoE-/- mice with atheroprogression; increased serum levels of GDF15 were also observed in patients with coronary artery disease. Enlightened by this finding, we established atherosclerotic model in Gdf15-/- mice by injecting with AAV8-PCSK9D377Y virus and feeding HCD for 12 or 16 weeks. We showed that

High cholesterol

NHS

The NHS provides clear and concise information about high cholesterol, explaining what it is, its causes, symptoms, and how it can be treated or prevented. It also covers common questions and advice on lifestyle modifications.

Cholesterol

AHA

This section of the American Heart Association website provides comprehensive information on cholesterol, including types, causes of high cholesterol, diagnosis, and treatment options. It aims to educate the public on managing their cholesterol levels for better cardiovascular health.

Assessment of the Practical Application, Acceptability and Effectiveness of a Portfolio Diet in Reducing Serum Cholesterol

n=351 · NCT00438425 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

The purpose of this trial is to re-evaluate the potential role of diet in modulating cardiovascular risk factors. If potent lipid-lowering effects through novel dietary interventions can be demonstrated, then diet may again be seen as providing an alternative to drug therapy in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Aims: * To determine the percentage of lipid clinic attendees interested in making a serious dietary change. * To determine the extent to which a self selected dietary portfolio combining viscous fiber foods (oat \& barley β-glucan, psyllium, etc.), soy and vegetable protein foods (soy milk, soy meat analogues and almonds) and plant sterols (sterol margarine) in the same diet be significantly more effective in reducing LDL-cholesterol and other markers of cardiovascular disease risk than conventional dietary advice. * To determine whether this effect can be maximized by more frequent follow-up, and what, if any, would be the relationship between dietary compliance and reduction in LDL-C.

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) Lowering Effect of Whole Soy: a Dose Response Study

n=243 · NCT01547585 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

This study is being conducted to test the hypothesis that daily consumption of a baked food product containing whole soy for 6 weeks will significantly reduce plasma Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. As such the overall goals of this study are to determine whether daily consumption of muffins made from whole soy flour for 6 weeks can lower plasma LDL-Cholesterol, and if so, establish whether the effect is dose-dependent. To do this, study collaborators will: (1) conduct a detailed chemical and physical characterization of certified defatted whole soy flour that will be incorporated into a muffin; (2) formulate and produce a palatable whole soy flour muffin along with a control muffin containing wheat flour; (3) conduct a parallel controlled trial in which soy muffins will be fed randomly to persons with elevated LDL-cholesterol in a human clinical trial. All participants will be randomized into one of three groups and asked to eat two muffins daily for 6 weeks in the following combination: high dose soy; control group or low dose soy. Before, after, and mid-way during the feeding period, blood samples will be obtained for measurements of lipids, glucose, insulin, inflammation, and soy phytochemicals. The effect of soy consumption on waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure will also be examined.

A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of HTD1801 in Adults With Hypercholesterolemia

n=50 · NCT03381287 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, multiple ascending dose (MAD) study to evaluate the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of HTD1801 in overweight to obese adults with hypercholesterolemia. There were 3 cohorts of dose levels as 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/day, with 16 subjects planned for each cohort randomized 3:1 to receive either HTD1801 or Placebo.

Cochrane Library: Cholesterol

Cochrane

The Cochrane Library provides systematic reviews and meta-analyses on various health interventions, including those for cholesterol management. It is a leading source of high-quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decisions.

TRIP Database – Search: High Cholesterol

TRIP Database

TRIP Database is a clinical search engine designed to allow users to quickly and easily find high-quality research evidence to support their practice, including numerous resources on high cholesterol.

Cochrane Library – Search: High Cholesterol

Cochrane

The Cochrane Library provides high-quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making, offering systematic reviews and protocols related to high cholesterol.