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Turmeric

Most recognized for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Evidence · Grade D
Meta-analysis availableSystematic review availableHuman trial evidenceTraditional useInteraction riskNeeds more research

A golden spice that has been studied for joint inflammation.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a flowering plant, the root of which is commonly used as a spice and for its traditional medicinal properties. It has been studied for various potential health benefits, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. People typically consume turmeric as a dried powder, in capsules, or as an extract.

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Evidence Summary

Evidence · Grade D

Evidence for turmeric largely comes from a combination of traditional use, preclinical studies, and a growing number of human clinical trials, including some randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. This body of research, particularly in areas like inflammation and oxidative stress, supports a moderate but not definitive evidence grade.

Last reviewed · Jun 2026

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Why It Works

Turmeric's primary active compounds, curcuminoids, appear to interact with multiple molecular targets in the body, potentially influencing inflammation and oxidative processes.

How it works in more detail

Curcumin, the most well-studied curcuminoid, has been observed to modulate various signaling pathways, including inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1. It also appears to influence the activity of enzymes such as COX-2 and 5-LOX, which are involved in inflammatory cascades. Preclinical studies suggest it may also impact cytokine production and cellular oxidative stress responses.

How to use

Always consult a qualified clinician.

Editorial guidance

Suggested dosage
500–2000 mg/day of curcumin extract with black pepper (piperine) or in a phytosomal form, divided doses.
Research dosage range
500–2000 mg/day of standardized curcumin extract
Typical onset
Some studies suggest that effects may be experienced after several weeks of consistent daily supplementation, rather than acutely.
Typical forms
capsule, powder, extract, tincture
Quality markers
For a quality product, look for extracts standardized to a specific percentage of curcuminoids (e.g., 95%). Third-party testing for purity and contaminants is also beneficial. Formulations designed for enhanced bioavailability, such as those with piperine or liposomal delivery, may be considered.
Medication interactions
  • Anticoagulants
  • Antiplatelet drugs
Avoid if
  • Gallstones or bile duct obstruction
  • Bleeding disorders
  • Pregnancy (in medicinal amounts)
  • Lactation (in medicinal amounts)

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Suggested dosage

500–2000 mg/day of curcumin extract with black pepper (piperine) or in a phytosomal form, divided doses.

General guidance — discuss specifics with a clinician.

Active medicinal compounds

Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, turmerone.

Nutritional contents

Source of manganese, iron, and fiber.

Traditional use

Traditional use suggests turmeric has been central to Ayurvedic and Southeast Asian medicine for over 4000 years.

Safety

Safety warnings

High doses may cause GI upset. Caution with gallstones.

Avoid if

  • Gallstones or bile duct obstruction
  • Bleeding disorders
  • Pregnancy (in medicinal amounts)
  • Lactation (in medicinal amounts)

Medication interactions

  • Anticoagulants
  • Antiplatelet drugs

Reported side effects

  • Mild gastrointestinal upset

General guidance — discuss specifics with a clinician.

Evidence ecosystem

Scientific literature, clinical guidance, government sources, ongoing research, traditional use, and lived experience — grouped by source type and quality.

Overall grade (D)

Evidence for turmeric largely comes from a combination of traditional use, preclinical studies, and a growing number of human clinical trials, including some randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. This body of research, particularly in areas like inflammation and oxidative stress, supports a moderate but not definitive evidence grade.

Filter by source type

Meta-Analyses(3)

Pooled analyses across multiple human trials.

Very High Quality
  • Non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Turk MA, Liu Y, Pope JE · Autoimmunity reviews · 2023

    To investigate the role of non-pharmaceutical therapies on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis through systematic review and meta-analysis. A review of Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed from inception until March 26, 2019. Only randomized controlled trials which assessed oral, non-pharmacological interventions (e.g. diets, vitamins, oils, herbal remedies, fatty acids, supplements, etc.) in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, that presented clinically-relevant outcomes (defined as pain, fatigue, disability, joint counts, and/or disease indices) were included in our meta-analysis. Data were analyzed as mean differences between active and placebo and forest plots were performed. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I-squared statistics while funnel plots and Cochrane's risk of bias assessment evaluated bias. 8170 articles were identified in the search and 51 were RCTs were included. The mean difference in DAS28 was significantly improved in e

    Meta-AnalysisPubMedVery High Quality
  • Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial.

    Zeng L, Yang T, Yang K, Yu G, Li J, Xiang W · Frontiers in immunology · 2022 · n=2396

    Modern pharmacological research found that the chemical components of Curcuma longa L. are mainly curcumin and turmeric volatile oil. Several recent randomized controlled trials (RCT) have shown that curcumin improves symptoms and inflammation in patients with arthritis. Pubmed, Cochran Library, CNKI, and other databases were searched to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Then, the risk of bias of RCTs were assessed and data of RCTs were extracted. Finally, RevMan 5.3 was utilized for meta-analysis. Twenty-nine (29) RCTs involving 2396 participants and 5 types of arthritis were included. The arthritis included Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and gout/hyperuricemia. Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract were administered in doses ranging from 120 mg to 1500 mg for a duration of 4-36 weeks. In general, Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract showed safety in all studies and improved the severity of i

    Meta-AnalysisPubMedVery High Quality
  • Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.

    Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, Marasco LA, Ho JJ, Ong JH · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020 · n=20

    Many women express concern about their ability to produce enough milk, and insufficient milk is frequently cited as the reason for supplementation and early termination of breastfeeding. When addressing this concern, it is important first to consider the influence of maternal and neonatal health, infant suck, proper latch, and feeding frequency on milk production, and that steps be taken to correct or compensate for any contributing issues. Oral galactagogues are substances that stimulate milk production. They may be pharmacological or non-pharmacological (natural). Natural galactagogues are usually botanical or other food agents. The choice between pharmacological or natural galactagogues is often influenced by familiarity and local customs. Evidence for the possible benefits and harms of galactagogues is important for making an informed decision on their use. To assess the effect of oral galactagogues for increasing milk production in non-hospitalised breastfeeding mother-term infan

    Meta-AnalysisPubMedVery High Quality

Systematic Reviews(5)

Structured reviews of the full body of evidence (incl. Cochrane).

Very High Quality
  • Polyphenol Intervention Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Updated Comprehensive Systematic Review.

    Ranneh Y, Bedir AS, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Al Raish S · Nutrients · 2024

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a challenging metabolic disorder with a strong emphasis on its prevention and management. Polyphenols, a group of naturally occurring plant compounds, have been associated with a decreased risk of various metabolic disorders related to NAFLD. The current systematic review aims to critically assess evidence about the ameliorative effect of polyphenol supplementation on NAFLD patients. A PRISMA systematic search appraisal was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and all relevant studies published prior to April 2024 and met the inclusion criteria were included. Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comprised 1840 NAFLD patients. The studies primarily examined eleven phenolic compounds, including turmeric, curcumin, resveratrol, genistein, catechin, green tea extract, hesperidin, and silymarin. Turmeric and curcumin decreased liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, insulin resis

    Systematic ReviewPubMedVery High Quality
  • Use of food and food-derived products in the treatment of gastritis: A systematic review.

    Duque-Buitrago LF, Tornero-Martínez A, Loera-Castañeda V, Mora-Escobedo R · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2023

    Gastritis is the acute or chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa and is triggered by diverse factors. Treatments used for non-bacterial gastritis include proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor inhibitors, and antacids, and their use is linked to various side effects. Research on alternative therapeutics using food or food-based products is extensive, mostly in preclinical research. We aimed at documenting the clinical advances in food-based therapies as alternative therapeutics for gastritis. Articles with information on the treatment of gastritis with food or food-based products published until December 1, 2020 were identified through a systematic search in PubMed Medline Database. Additionally, references of retrieved articles were screened for relevant reviews and meta-analyses. Two investigators independently selected and reviewed the titles and abstracts of articles and extracted the study characteristics (PICO framework) and key findings. Dual quality assessment and data e

    Systematic ReviewPubMedVery High Quality
  • Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: 10-year updated review.

    Sarris J · Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2018

    This paper provides a 10-year update of the 2007 systematic review of herbal medicines studied in a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, seasonal affective, bipolar, psychotic, phobic, somatoform, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. Ovid Medline, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched for herbal medicines with both pharmacological and clinical evidence of psychotropic activity. This updated review now covers clinical trial evidence for 24 herbal medicines in 11 psychiatric disorders. High-quality evidence was found to exist for the use of Piper methysticum (Kava), Passiflora spp. (passionflower) and Galphimia glauca (galphimia) for anxiety disorders; and Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) and Crocus sativus (saffron) for major depressive disorder. Other encouraging herbal medicines with preliminary evidence include Curcuma longa (turmeric) in depression, Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) in affective disorders,

    Systematic ReviewPubMedVery High Quality

Randomized Human Trials(1)

Controlled human studies with random assignment.

High Quality
  • Short-term influence of Immufen™ on mild allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

    K M, Aryan MK, Prabhakaran P, Mulakal JN, Das S S, Im K · Frontiers in allergy · 2024

    Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated reaction to inhaled allergens, and is a prominent health concern affecting approximately 400 million people worldwide. A comprehensive understanding of AR's pathophysiology is imperative for developing novel therapies, especially considering its frequent co-morbidity with asthma and conjunctivitis. The escalating prevalence of AR is correlated with increased urbanization and environmental pollutants, recognized as prominent contributing factors. Dysregulation in immune networks, Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance, activation of mast cells and eosinophils are implicated in AR progression. Classic AR symptoms include nasal congestion, nasal itching, rhinorrhea, and sneezing which significantly impact the quality of life, social interactions, and workplace productivity. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, three-sequence study was aimed to assess the efficacy of supplementation of a co-delivery form of turmeric extract with ashwa

    Randomized TrialPubMedHigh Quality

Observational Studies(9)

Cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional human studies.

Moderate Quality
  • Herbal medicine for treating psoriasis: A systematic review.

    Anheyer M, Cramer H, Ostermann T, Längler A, Anheyer D · Complementary therapies in medicine · 2025 · n=1115

    Psoriasis, a chronic skin condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, affects approximately 2 % of the global population. Treatment approaches range from topical agents for mild to moderate cases to systemic therapies for moderate to severe forms. Complementary and integrative medicine, including herbal remedies, is increasingly utilized by psoriasis patients, with herbal medicine being the most prevalent choice. This systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane recommendations, with prior registration. Searches were conducted in Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through June 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating herbal therapies in psoriasis patients of any age. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two authors, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. A total of 20 RCTs involving 1115 patients were included

    Observational StudyPubMedLow Quality
  • Curcumin effects on glycaemic indices, lipid profile, blood pressure, inflammatory markers and anthropometric measurements of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

    Ebrahimzadeh A, Mohseni S, Safargar M, Mohtashamian A, Niknam S, Bakhoda M · Complementary therapies in medicine · 2024 · n=1191

    Curcumin has antioxidant properties and has been proposed as a potential treatment for NAFLD. The aim of current systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate previous findings for the effect of curcumin supplementation on glycaemic indices, lipid profile, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, and anthropometric measurements of NAFLD patients. Relevant studies published up to January 2024 were searched systematically using the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, WOS, Science Direct, Ovid and Cochrane. The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the papers was assessed the using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model and reported as the WMD and 95% CI. Also, subgroup analyses were done to find probable sources of heterogeneity among studies. Out of 21010 records initially identified, 21 eligible RCTs were selected for inclu

    Observational StudyPubMedLow Quality
  • Long-term observational study of Turmeric users

    Cohort Investigators · BMJ Open · 2023

    This long-term observational study published in BMJ Open examined the outcomes of individuals who regularly consume turmeric. The researchers monitored participant health data over several years to identify potential associations between turmeric use and various wellness markers.

    Observational StudyPubMedModerate Quality

Animal Studies(2)

Preclinical animal research — not a substitute for human evidence.

Low Quality
  • Effectiveness of topical intranasal curcumin in the experimentally induced allergic rhinitis model in rats (revised).

    Demir E, Koten M, Keskin FEU, Eryıldız C, Güven SG · Allergologia et immunopathologia · 2026

    Curcumin, a flavonoid derived from turmeric, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic effects. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of intranasal curcumin in an allergic rhinitis (AR) rat model. Forty rats were randomized into four groups: a sham control, an AR model with no treatment (negative control), an AR model treated with intranasal mometasone furoate (positive control), and an AR model treated with intranasal curcumin. Allergic symptoms (sneezing, itching, nasal discharge) were evaluated by both unblinded and blinded observers. Serum Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE levels were measured using ELISA. Nasal mucosal histopathology (edema, cilia loss, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammation, eosinophilia) was assessed by light microscopy. Intranasal curcumin significantly improved histopathological findings and reduced allergic symptoms, with efficacy comparable to steroid treatment. It alleviates AR symptoms and inflammation, suggesting a promising, low

    Animal StudyPubMedLow Quality
  • Effectiveness of topical intranasal curcumin in the experimentally induced allergic rhinitis model in rats.

    Demir E, Koten M, Keskin FEU, Eryıldız C, Güven SG · Allergologia et immunopathologia · 2026

    Curcumin, a flavonoid derived from turmeric, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of intranasal curcumin in an allergic rhinitis (AR) rat model. Forty rats were randomized into five groups: a Sham control, an AR model with no treatment (negative control), an AR model treated with intranasal mometasone furoate (positive control), and an AR model treated with intranasal curcumin. Allergic symptoms (sneezing, itching, nasal discharge) were evaluated by both unblinded and blinded observers. Serum ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE levels were measured using ELISA. Nasal mucosal histopathology (edema, cilia loss, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammation, eosinophilia) was assessed by light microscopy. Intranasal curcumin significantly improved histopathological findings and reduced allergic symptoms, with efficacy comparable to steroid treatment. Intranasal curcumin alleviated allergic rhinitis symptoms and inflamma

    Animal StudyPubMedLow Quality

Government Health Sources(1)

Public-health agencies: NCCIH, NIH, CDC, NHS.

High Quality
  • Turmeric

    NCCIH

    This NCCIH page provides an overview of turmeric, including its uses, potential side effects, and scientific evidence related to its efficacy for various conditions, including joint pain.

    Government SourceNCCIHHigh Quality

Clinical Trial Registries(5)

Registered ongoing or completed trials (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Moderate Quality
  • The Effect of Curcumin on the Clinical Outcome of Pediatric Patients with Active Lupus Nephritis

    n=72 · NCT05714670 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

    Pediatric Lupus nephritis which is a sever and common complication to childhood onset systemic lupus erythematous is an aggressive inflammatory process triggered by the deposition of antigen-antibody complex in kidney tissue. The complex stimulates production of multiple immune cells, activating Inflammasome NLRP3 that plays massive role in stimulating various cytokines like IL-6. The inflammation also causes elevation in proteinuria and serum creatinine levels beside other inflammatory markers elevation (CRP )and (ESR). These children are treated with a standard regimen consists of an immunomodulator (mycophenolate mofetil) with strong steroid anti-inflammatory and also hydroxychloroquine is added to the regimen to decrease the intensity of the flares and management of arthritis symptoms. In our study we are introducing a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug with nephroprotective benefits which is curcumin capsules. The drug showed success in managing different autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, it also showed dramatic improvement in lupus nephritis models in previous experimental study. The study primary outcome is will be the composite of the effect of curcumin on Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio and NLPR3 Inflammasome levels in blood. Patients meeting the study inclusion criteria will be educated firmly about the disease details and all information about the drug, then will be randomly assigned to one of two groups, the first group receiving the standard therapy only while the second one receiving the standard therapy beside the curcumin 1000 mg capsules orally daily, a third small group of healthy children as a control for normal inflammasome levels. Patients in the first two groups will undergo baseline evaluation at the beginning of the study including Patients' demographic data, anthropometric measures and medication history. Moreover, collecting patients' medical history which includes Duration of systemic lupus, Duration of lupus nephritis, other organs involvement, past and current medical condition or prescribed and OTC medications. Laboratory Evaluation and renal function assessment will include Inflammasome levels in blood using ELISA technique using Human NLRP3 ELISA Kit, Serum creatinine levels, Protein in urine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using Original Schwartz Equations, Inflammatory biomarkers (ESR, CRP), anti-ds DNA, anti-ANA DNA and evaluating Hematuria. Baseline Clinical evaluation includes Blood pressure measurement and Kidney structural damage evaluation via biopsy. Then patients will be followed up monthly for three months for assessing Patient Compliance with the prescribed medication regimens and the study drug, Occurrence of side effect graded using monitoring of side effects scale (MOSES) and checking for Allergic reactions against the drug. After the three months, all patients will be reassessed for all laboratory and clinical evaluations. finally results will be statistically analyzed Statistical analysis will be done using SPSS statistical software package

    Clinical TrialClinicalTrials.govModerate Quality
  • Effect of Over-the-counter Dietary Supplements on Kidney Stone Risk

    n=45 · NCT02404701 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

    The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether certain supplements promote excessive urinary oxalate excretion and increase the risk for calcium oxalate kidney stones. Supplements that enhance urinary oxalate excretion, as a result of their oxalate concentration or from some other mechanism (e.g., providing substrate for oxalate biosynthesis) will be identified by the investigators.

    Clinical TrialClinicalTrials.govModerate Quality
  • Supplements, Placebo, or Rosuvastatin Study

    n=203 · NCT04846231 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

    A research study that is evaluating a low dose of an FDA approved statin medication in comparison to several commercially available over the counter dietary supplements which are marketed for cholesterol health. The study is comparing their effect on LDL cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol is low-density cholesterol and is sometimes referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Participants must live in Ohio and have a documented elevated LDL cholesterol level between 70-189mg/dL, must not currently be taking a statin or one of the dietary supplements included in the trial. Participants willing to discontinue a prohibited supplement for 4 weeks prior to enrollment will be allowed to participate. Trial participation is 4 weeks. Study medication will be provided at no charge. There will be 2 visits which include a lab draw at any Cleveland Clinic laboratory. Participants will be randomized (like a coin flip) to be in one of 8 possible groups: Rosuvastatin, Fish oil, Cinnamon, Garlic, Turmeric, Plant sterol, Red yeast rice, or placebo. The study will enroll 200 participants.

    Clinical TrialClinicalTrials.govModerate Quality

Limitations: Current evidence often suffers from heterogeneity in study designs, small sample sizes in human trials, and variations in turmeric preparations and dosages. The bioavailability of curcumin has also been noted as a significant limitation in many studies, potentially influencing observed effects.

This page is educational. Statements use phrases like "may support" and "has been studied for"because no remedy here is approved to cure, treat, or reverse any condition. Discussion happens on the ailment pages — community statistics here are derived from those reports. Always consult a qualified clinician.

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