Hypertension

Global prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents aged 19 years or younger: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Zhou J, Shan S, Wu J, Song Y, Zhu L, Li Q · The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2026

Childhood hypertension is an important global public health issue, but prevalence estimates remain inconsistent. To date, no meta-analysis has synthesised global prevalence using both in-office blood pressure measurements and combined in-office and out-of-office assessments. We aimed to provide updated global prevalence estimates of childhood hypertension using both diagnostic approaches. In this systematic review and analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE for population-based studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and April 19, 2025, reporting the prevalence of hypertension in the general paediatric population aged 19 years or younger. This was supplemented by eligible studies identified from relevant systematic reviews and manual reference screening. Two reviewers independently screened records for eligibility, extracted study-level data, and assessed the risk of bias. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Subgroup analyses were performed by

Effects of intensive blood pressure treatment on orthostatic hypertension: individual level meta-analysis.

Juraschek SP, Hu JR, Cluett JL, Mita C, Lipsitz LA, Appel LJ · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025 · n=500

To determine the effects of intensive blood pressure treatment on orthostatic hypertension. Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases through 13 November 2023. Population: ≥500 adults, age ≥18 years with hypertension or elevated blood pressure; intervention: randomized trials of more intensive antihypertensive drug treatment (lower blood pressure goal or active agent) with duration ≥6 months; control: less intensive antihypertensive drug treatment (higher blood pressure goal or placebo); outcome: measured standing blood pressure. Orthostatic hypertension, defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure ≥20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥10 mm Hg after changing from sitting to standing. Two investigators independently abstracted articles. Individual participant data from nine trials identified during the systematic review were appended together as a single dataset. Of 31

Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents Younger Than 19 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ruan X, Zhu A, Wang T, Sun M, Chen K, Luo M · JAMA pediatrics · 2025

Pediatric hypertension predicts adult hypertension and early target organ damage, yet global prevalence estimates based on different diagnostic principles remain scarce. To estimate global pediatric hypertension prevalence according to different diagnostic principles. Several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and the Wanfang Database, were systematically searched from inception to July 7, 2024. Studies were included if they were original investigations in children and adolescents younger than 19 years, represented the general population, and provided data on hypertension prevalence. Data screening and extraction were performed independently by 2 authors. A random-effects model was used to estimate prevalence. Temporal trends, as well as regional and population differences, were explored. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was asses

Effects of nutrition on metabolic and endocrine outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.

Moslehi N, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Rahimi Sakak F, Shab-Bidar S, Tehrani FR, Mirmiran P · Nutrition reviews · 2023

Numerous meta-analyses have been conducted on the effects of nutritional interventions on various health outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the strength of the evidence and its clinical significance are unclear. This umbrella review aimed to summarize the effects of nutritional interventions on women with PCOS and assess the strength of the evidence. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception until March 17, 2021. Meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that examined the impact of dietary modifications or supplementations on women with PCOS were selected. Data extraction, quality assessments of the meta-analyses, and evaluation of the strength of the evidence were conducted independently by 2 investigators and confirmed by a third. Twenty-eight RCT meta-analyses were included, reporting 40 different outcomes. Lower carbohydrate, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, or lower glycemic index/load diets in women with PC

Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials, and Mendelian Randomization Studies.

Liu D, Meng X, Tian Q, Cao W, Fan X, Wu L · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022

Observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have yielded inconsistent results on the associations of vitamin D concentrations with multiple health outcomes. In the present umbrella review we aimed to evaluate the effects of low vitamin D concentrations and vitamin D supplementation on multiple health outcomes. We summarized current evidence obtained from meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between vitamin D concentrations and multiple health outcomes, meta-analyses of RCTs that investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on multiple health outcomes, and MR studies that explored the causal associations of vitamin D concentrations with various diseases (international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO registration number CRD42018091434). A total of 296 meta-analyses of observational studies comprising 111 unique outcomes, 139 meta-analyses of RCTs comprising 46 unique outcomes

Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Reducing Blood Pressure in Adults With Prehypertension to Established Hypertension.

Fu J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhou L, Li D, Quan H · Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020 · n=923

Background Nonpharmacologic interventions that modify lifestyle can lower blood pressure (BP) and have been assessed in numerous randomized controlled trials and pairwise meta-analyses. It is still unclear which intervention would be most efficacious. Methods and Results Bayesian network meta-analyses were performed to estimate the comparative effectiveness of different interventions for lowering BP. From 60 166 potentially relevant articles, 120 eligible articles (14 923 participants) with a median follow-up of 12 weeks, assessing 22 nonpharmacologic interventions, were included. According to the surface under the cumulative ranking probabilities and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) quality of evidence, for adults with prehypertension to established hypertension, high-quality evidence indicated that the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) was superior to usual care and all other nonpharmacologic interventions in lowering

EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: 2023 update.

Del Galdo F, Lescoat A, Conaghan PG, Bertoldo E, Čolić J, Santiago T · Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2025

To update the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations for treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc), incorporating new evidence and therapies. An international task force was convened in line with EULAR standard operating procedures. A nominal group technique exercise was performed in two rounds to define questions underpinning a subsequent systematic literature review. The evidence derived was discussed and overarching principles, recommendations and future research agenda were iteratively developed with voting rounds. The task force agreed on 22 recommendations covering 8 clinical/organ domains including Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, pulmonary arterial hypertension, scleroderma renal crisis, skin fibrosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), gastrointestinal manifestations and arthritis. Most new recommendations are related to skin fibrosis and ILD. These included novel recommendations for the use of mycophenolate mofetil, nintedanib, rituxi

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Mukherjee M, Rudski LG, Addetia K, Afilalo J, D'Alto M, Freed BH · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography · 2025

Right heart adaptation to pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a critical determinant of clinical outcomes, morbidity, and mortality in patients with or at risk for cardiopulmonary disease. The World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension recently redefined PH as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure >20 mm Hg, based on a wealth of epidemiologic evidence underscoring the significant impact of even mildly elevated mean pulmonary artery pressures on major adverse clinical events. The lowered diagnostic threshold for PH has renewed interest in echocardiography and its critical role in early detection and screening, refined hemodynamic evaluation, and longitudinal monitoring. However, the systematic assessment of the right heart remains inconsistent, largely due to the predominant focus on left heart evaluation, limited familiarity with right heart ultrasound techniques, and a paucity of reference data defining normal right heart size and function. A systematic, comprehensive ultrasound-based asses

Hypertension Canada guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in adults in primary care.

Goupil R, Tsuyuki RT, Santesso N, Terenzi KA, Habert J, Cheng G · CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025

Canada has historically been among the world leaders in hypertension care, but hypertension treatment and control rates have regressed in recent years. This guideline is intended to provide pragmatic primary care-focused recommendations to improve hypertension management in adults at the population level. We employed Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation and ADAPTE frameworks in accordance with Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) quality and reporting standards to develop recommendations on managing hypertension for adults aged 18 years and older. We used the HEARTS framework - a model of care developed by the World Health Organization to improve hypertension control and reduce cardiovascular burden - to integrate these recommendations into streamlined, pragmatic, and evidence-based algorithms. The guideline committee predominantly comprised primary care providers and also included patient, methodology, and hypertension specialist

Yoga in Arterial Hypertension.

Cramer H, Sellin C, Schumann D, Dobos G · Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2018 · n=75

Yoga seems to exert its effect against arterial hypertension mainly through the associated breathing and meditation techniques, and less so through yoga postures. The goal of this trial was to compare the blood pressure-lowering effect of yoga interventions with and without yoga postures in patients with arterial hypertension. 75 patients taking medications for arterial hypertension (72% women, mean age 58.7 ± 9.5 years) were randomized into three groups: a yoga intervention group with yoga postures (25 patients, of whom 5 dropped out of the trial before its end), a yoga intervention group without yoga postures (25 patients, 3 dropouts), and a wait list control group (25 patients, one dropout). The interventions consisted of 90 minutes of yoga practice per week for twelve weeks. The data collectors, who were blinded to the intervention received, assessed the primary outcome measures "systolic 24-hour blood pressure" and "diastolic 24-hour blood pressure" before and after the inte

Dietary supplements and prevention of preeclampsia.

Ushida T, Tano S, Matsuo S, Fuma K, Imai K, Kajiyama H · Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common pregnancy complication characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and end-organ dysfunction. However, to date, no effective treatment has been established other than iatrogenic delivery, and the importance of prevention as an alternative approach to addressing PE has been emphasized. There is growing evidence on the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological prophylaxis in preventing PE. In this review, we focused on dietary supplements as non-pharmacological prophylaxis for PE. Calcium is a well-documented supplement for the prevention of PE. Daily 500 mg calcium supplementation can roughly halve the risk of PE in settings where calcium intake is low, including in Japan. According to recent systematic reviews and network meta-analyses, current evidence on the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation is inconsistent. Although vitamin D is a candidate for the prevention of PE, future large-scale randomized control trials are necessary to

The Effect of Nursing Interventions in Women With Gestational Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Tumkaya MN, Sen S, Eroglu K · Nursing & health sciences · 2025 · n=1458

Pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders are significant global causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Quality nursing care is essential for pregnant women with hypertension to ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery. This study aimed to systematically synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of nursing interventions for women with gestational hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature was searched across seven electronic databases from August 1 to September 27, 2023. Thirteen studies, encompassing 1458 women with gestational hypertension, were included. Quality assessment indicated that 10 randomized controlled trials were rated as good, one as fair, and all quasi-experimental studies as good quality. Various nursing interventions were analyzed, including training programs, home-based comprehensive nursing, case management, vascular symptom management, music therapy, and clinical nursing pathways. Meta-analysis resul

The effect of pregnancy vitamin D supplementation on maternal blood pressure: real-world data analysis within the MAVIDOS randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Citeroni-Clark NL, D'Angelo S, Crozier SR, Kermack A, Godfrey KM, Cooper C · Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025 · n=734

Observational studies have suggested negative associations between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia (PET)]. Data from intervention studies are limited. We hypothesised that vitamin D supplementation would lower maternal blood pressure (BP) during pregnancy and reduce the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The Maternal Vitamin D Osteoporosis Study (MAVIDOS) was a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Pregnant women with a baseline 25(OH)D of 25-100 nmol/l were randomized to either 1000 IU/day cholecalciferol or placebo from 14 to 17 weeks' gestation until delivery. BP recordings documented during routine clinical pregnancy care were obtained from clinical records and grouped into gestational windows based on the schedule for routine antenatal care in the United Kingdom (23+0-24+6, 27+0-28+6, 33+0-35+6, 37+0-38+6, 39+0-40+6 and ≥&

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The CDC's official page on high blood pressure offers statistics, risk factors, prevention tips, and resources for controlling blood pressure. It emphasizes the importance of lifestyle changes and regular monitoring.

Hypertension

American Heart Association

This page from the AHA provides comprehensive information on high blood pressure, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. It aims to educate the public on managing their blood pressure for better cardiovascular health.

Cochrane Library

Cochrane

The Cochrane Library is a collection of databases that contain different types of high-quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making, including systematic reviews on hypertension.

Cochrane reviews on hypertension

Cochrane

The Cochrane Library provides a collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing the effectiveness of interventions for hypertension. It serves as a primary source for evidence-based healthcare decisions.