Vitamin D3

Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial.

Tobias DK, Pradhan AD, Duran EK, Li C, Song Y, Buring JE · Nature communications · 2025 · n=220

Observational and experimental evidence suggests that vitamin D plays a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, prior randomized supplementation trials are limited to high-risk patients with prediabetes. Here we aim to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of T2D in a general population of older US adults. The study design is an ancillary analysis (VITAL-T2D) of The Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), a completed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 2 × 2 trial of daily vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol; 2000 IU/day) and omega-3 fatty acids (1 g/day) for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. We also conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D trial (≥1000 IU/d cholecalciferol) vs. placebo and T2D risk. We analyzed 22,220 adults with mean age 67.2 years (SD = 7.1) without T2D at enrollment (2011 to 2014), randomized to vitamin D3 or placebo. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.5&#x2

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Ghaemi S, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S · Psychological medicine · 2024 · n=15

The impact of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of vitamin D supplementation on depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to December 2022 to identify randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on depression and anxiety symptoms in adults. Using a random-effects model, we calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) for each 1000 IU/day vitamin D3 supplementation. The GRADE tool assessed the certainty of evidence. Our analysis included 31 trials with 24189 participants. Each 1000 IU/day vitamin D3 supplementation slightly reduced depressive symptoms in individuals with and without depression (SMD: -0.32, 95% CI -0.43 to -0.22; GEADE = moderate). The effect was more pronounced in those with depressive symptoms (SMD: -0.57, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.44; n = 15). The greatest reduction occurred a

Vitamin D supplementation decrease asthma exacerbations in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Fedora K, Setyoningrum RA, Aina Q, Rosyidah LN, Ni'mah NL, Titiharja FF · Annals of medicine · 2024 · n=1243

Observational studies have linked low vitamin D (VD) levels to increased asthma attacks in children. Subsequent meta-analyses of adults and children revealed that VD treatment might benefit asthmatic patients by reducing the incidence of exacerbations. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the effects of VD supplementation in reducing asthma exacerbations in children. Published reports from PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were systematically searched until April 2023. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database CRD42023411796. Randomized controlled trial studies were included in this review. Meta-analysis was performed using Cochrane RevMan 5.1 and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Ten relevant studies enrolled 1243 asthmatic children (631 children receiving vitamin D3 supplementation, 612 children receiving placebo) were included in this review. Our pooled analysis found that VD supplementation had a significant effect on lowering the total number o

Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplements for Treating Hair Loss: A Systematic Review.

Drake L, Reyes-Hadsall S, Martinez J, Heinrich C, Huang K, Mostaghimi A · JAMA dermatology · 2023

Despite the widespread use of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions for treating hair loss, the safety and effectiveness of available products remain unclear. To evaluate and compile the findings of all dietary and nutritional interventions for treatment of hair loss among individuals without a known baseline nutritional deficiency. The MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception through October 20, 2021, to identify articles written in English with original findings from investigations of dietary and nutritional interventions in individuals with alopecia or hair loss without a known baseline nutritional deficiency. Quality was assessed with Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine criteria. Outcomes of interest were disease course, both objectively and subjectively measured. Data were evaluated from January 3 to 11, 2022. The database searches yielded 6347 citations to which 11 articles from reference lists were added. Of this total, 30 articles

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women.

Méndez-Sánchez L, Clark P, Winzenberg TM, Tugwell P, Correa-Burrows P, Costello R · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023 · n=941

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile due to low bone density and impaired bone quality. This results in fractures that lead to higher morbidity and reduced quality of life. Osteoporosis is considered a major public health concern worldwide. For this reason, preventive measurements need to be addressed throughout the life course. Exercise and a healthy diet are among the lifestyle factors that can help prevent the disease, the latter including intake of key micronutrients for bone, such as calcium and vitamin D. The evidence on whether supplementation with calcium and vitamin D improves bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal women is still inconclusive. In this age group, bone accrual is considered to be the goal of supplementation, so BMD is relevant for the future stages of life. To evaluate the benefits and harms of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, alone or in combination, to increase the BMD, reduce fractures, and report the potential adverse events in

Health supplements for allergic rhinitis: A mixed-methods systematic review.

Pellow J, Nolte A, Temane A, Solomon EM · Complementary therapies in medicine · 2020

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by an exaggerated response of the immune system to common allergens. Most pharmacological therapies tend to be palliative and in some cases are associated with adverse effects. There is a growing tendency for people to self-medicate with health supplements as they are generally considered safe, however clinical studies relating to their efficacy and safety are limited. This mixed-methods systematic review aims to synthesise the available evidence relating to the treatment of allergic rhinitis with a variety of health supplements. A total of 57 062 articles were derived from searching seven online databases and evidence from 48 RCTs and 10 observational studies were reviewed for methodological quality and risk of bias. No qualitative studies meeting the inclusion criteria could be found, therefore only a quantitative review was performed. Promising evidence for the following single supplements were found: apple polyphenols, to

Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, Diab DL, Kiely ME, Lazaretti-Castro M · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024

Numerous studies demonstrate associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and a variety of common disorders, including musculoskeletal, metabolic, cardiovascular, malignant, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. Although a causal link between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and many disorders has not been clearly established, these associations have led to widespread supplementation with vitamin D and increased laboratory testing for 25(OH)D in the general population. The benefit-risk ratio of this increase in vitamin D use is not clear, and the optimal vitamin D intake and the role of testing for 25(OH)D for disease prevention remain uncertain. To develop clinical guidelines for the use of vitamin D (cholecalciferol [vitamin D3] or ergocalciferol [vitamin D2]) to lower the risk of disease in individuals without established indications for vitamin D treatment or 25(OH)D testing. A multidisciplinary panel of clinical experts, along with experts in guideline m

Vitamin D Supplementation, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and Asthma Exacerbations, and Lung Function Decline.

Gold DR, Carey VJ, Hersh CP, Wan E, Camargo CA Jr, Lee IM · The Journal of nutrition · 2025 · n=1648

It remains unclear whether supplementation with vitamin D reduces risk of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) or asthma, major contributors to the world-wide burden of disease. To compare effects of vitamin D with placebo supplementation for the prespecified primary endpoints 1) acute exacerbations of COPD and 2) decline in pulmonary function measures of airflow obstruction. Prespecified secondary endpoints included asthma exacerbations and control. Lung VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is an ancillary study of VITAL, a United States nationwide, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design of vitamin D3 (2000 IU/d) and marine n-3 fatty acids (1 g/d) among men 50 y and women 55 y of age or older. Of 25,871 randomly divided participants, 3632 at risk for respiratory exacerbations, including 1977 with COPD by diagnosis or symptoms and 1654 with self-reported asthma diagnosis, were followed annually for 5 y by self-administered respira

Effects of vitamin D, omega-3 and a simple strength exercise programme in cardiovascular disease prevention: The DO-HEALTH randomized controlled trial.

Gaengler S, Sadlon A, De Godoi Rezende Costa Molino C, Willett WC, Manson JE, Vellas B · The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024

The effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in older adults remains unclear. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the effect of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3, omega-3 fatty acids (1 g/day), and a simple home strength exercise program (SHEP) (3×/week) on lipid and CVD biomarkers plasma changes over 3 years, incident hypertension and major cardiovascular events (MACE). The risk of MACE (coronary heart event or intervention, heart failure, stroke) was an exploratory endpoint of DO-HEALTH, incident hypertension and change in biomarkers were secondary endpoints. DO-HEALTH is a completed multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design trial enrolling 2157 Europeans aged ≥70 years. Participants' median age was 74 [72, 77] years, 61.7% were women, 82.5% were at least moderately physically active, and 40.7% had 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL at baseline. Compared to their controls, omega-3 increased HDL-c

Vitamin D did not reduce multiple sclerosis disease activity after a clinically isolated syndrome.

Butzkueven H, Ponsonby AL, Stein MS, Lucas RM, Mason D, Broadley S · Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024 · n=23

Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and low sunlight exposure are known risk factors for the development of multiple sclerosis. Add-on vitamin D supplementation trials in established multiple sclerosis have been inconclusive. The effects of vitamin D supplementation to prevent multiple sclerosis is unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis that oral vitamin D3 supplementation in high-risk clinically isolated syndrome (abnormal MRI, at least three T2 brain and/or spinal cord lesions), delays time to conversion to definite multiple sclerosis, that the therapeutic effect is dose-dependent, and that all doses are safe and well tolerated. We conducted a double-blind trial in Australia and New Zealand. Eligible participants were randomized 1:1:1:1 to placebo, 1000, 5000 or 10 000 international units (IU) of oral vitamin D3 daily within each study centre (n = 23) and followed for up to 48 weeks. Between 2013 and 2021, we enrolled 204 participants. Brain MRI scans were performed a

Increased Serum Levels of Dickkopf-1 and Sclerostin as WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitors in Celiac Disease Patients.

Al-Ani MNT, Yahya SKT, Dastorani M, Mirkarimi H, Besharat S, Jazi MS · Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy. The WNT signaling pathway acts in adult intestinal epithelium maintenance. To evaluate the level of two WNT antagonists, including dikkopf-1 (Dkk-1) and sclerostin, in CD patients compared to controls. A total of 43 cases and 45 controls were enrolled in this case-control study. The serum levels of Dkk-1, sclerostin, citrulline, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured using the ELISA method. Moreover, the levels of vitamin D3 were measured using the HPLC method. Our findings illustrated an elevation of both WNT antagonists (Dkk-1, p < 0.0001 and sclerostin, p = 0.002) in CD patients compared to controls. Moreover, the levels of PTH (p < 0.0001) and Ca (p = 0.009) were higher in CD patients. The level of citrullin was directly correlated with sclerostin (R = 0.71), PTH (R = 0.53), and Dkk-1 (R = 0.29). ROC curve analysis indicat

Macroamylasemia in a Two-Year-Old Boy as the First Manifestation of Celiac Disease: A Case Report.

Dimitrovska-Ivanova M, Simeonovska Joveva E, Karakolevska Ilova M, Demerdzieva A, Coneska Jovanova B, Palcevska Kocevska S · Case reports in gastroenterology · 2026

Macroamylasemia is a rare biochemical disorder in which the amylase molecule binds to other macromolecules, most commonly immunoglobulin A or G. The increased molecular weight of this complex reduces renal excretion of the enzyme, resulting in chronically elevated serum amylase levels. It can be associated with various non-pancreatic conditions, including celiac disease. In some reported cases, macroamylasemia resolved with a gluten-free diet. We present a pediatric case in which macroamylasemia was the initial manifestation of celiac disease. A two-year-old boy presented with a 3-month history of abdominal pain, anemia, and constipation. Physical examination revealed paraumbilical tenderness. Laboratory tests showed hypochromic anemia; elevated serum amylase (171 U/L); low serum iron (2.5 µmol/L); vitamin D3 deficiency (15.9 ng/mL), and low urine amylase with an amylase/creatinine clearance ratio below 1%, confirming macroamylasemia. Imaging studies were normal. HLA typing revea

Treatment Advances in Vitiligo: An Updated Review.

Ismail IB, Bhat YJ, Ul Islam MS · Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2025

Vitiligo is a common disorder of depigmentation caused by the progressive destruction of melanocytes that affects the skin, hair, and mucous membranes, clinically presenting as depigmented macules and leukotrichia. This condition, affecting millions of people worldwide, has a significant psychosocial burden on patients' quality of life, particularly in relation to skin colour. The etiopathogenesis of this disorder is obscure, but multiple factors contribute to the loss of melanocytes in the skin, like oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, and autoimmunity. The treatment of vitiligo has been challenging over the past years, but recent developments in understanding the etiopathogenesis of the disease have paved the way for the development of more effective and promising therapeutic treatment options. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the underlying mechanisms and highlight the latest advances in the treatment of vitiligo. This review was performed according to PR

Role of chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF and VDR in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Kowalik K, Waniewska-Łęczycka M, Sarnowska E, Rusetska N, Sierdziński J, Zagor M · Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University · 2020 · n=52

The SWI/SNF (SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable) chromatin remodeling complex enables glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) to function correctly and is engaged in inflammation response. The SWI/SNF may play an important role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study was to assess the following: 1) the gene and protein expression of the SWI/SNF complex subunits in sinonasal mucosa; 2) relation of SWI/SNF complex and VDR expression; and 3) correlation with clinical data. The study population consisted of 52 subjects with CRS without nasal polyps, 55 with CRS with nasal polyps and 59 controls. The SWI/SNF protein expression level was analyzed in immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) was stimulated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and vitamin D3 (vitD3) in vitro. The transcript level of the SWI/SNF subunits was measured with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the control group, the intens

Supplementation with active vitamin D3 ameliorates experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice by modulating the differentiation and functionality of intrathyroidal T-cell subsets.

Wang CM, Chen YJ, Yang BC, Yang JW, Wang W, Zeng Y · Frontiers in immunology · 2025

People with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) often have low vitamin D3 concentrations. Some research has suggested that vitamin D3 supplementation reduces thyroid inflammation, but this remains controversial. EAT was induced in female NOD/ShiLtJ mice by giving them water containing 0.05% sodium iodide, and 1μg/kg of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 was injected intraperitoneally every other day. After 8 weeks, the morphological architecture of the mouse thyroid follicles was examined by histological sections, thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid hormone concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and the major functions and subsets of B- and T-lymphocytes in the mouse thyroid were determined by tissue multiple immunofluorescence technology and ELISA. EAT caused thyroiditis follicle destruction and interfollicular lymphocyte infiltration in mice, increased concentrations of circulating thyroid autoimmune antibodies TG-Ab and TPO-Ab, and abnormal thyroid hormone l

Effect of oral cholecalciferol in a murine model of celiac disease: A dose ranging study.

Trasciatti S, Piras F, Bonaretti S, Marini S, Nencioni S, Biasci E · The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology · 2022

Previous studies have shown a relationship between vitamin D and celiac disease (CD), however little evidence is available examining the direct effects of vitamin D on pathological features of this disease. In this study we evaluated the effect of oral administration of different doses of native vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in enteropathic mice. Female non-obese diabetic (NOD)/ShiLt.J mice were fed standard or gluten-free diet and administered gliadin (5 μg/kg) to induce a celiac pathology. Healthy control (gluten-free diet, without gliadin) and control for pathology (standard diet, with gliadin) were administered olive oil. All other experimental groups received gliadin and standard diet plus oral cholecalciferol (5, 10, 20, 50 and 130 μg/kg). Serum levels of 25(OH)D3, calcium and zonulin and expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), CD3 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) by immunohistochemistry as well as intestinal histological and histomorphometric analyses were unde

Protective Effect of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Pepsin-Trypsin-Resistant Gliadin-Induced Tight Junction Injuries.

Dong S, Singh TP, Wei X, Yao H, Wang H · Digestive diseases and sciences · 2018

Tight junction (TJ) injuries induced by pepsin-trypsin-resistant gliadin (PT-G) play an important role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Previously, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (VD3) was reported to be a TJ regulator that attenuates lipopolysaccharide- and alcohol-induced TJ injuries. However, whether VD3 can attenuate PT-G-induced TJ injuries is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of VD3 on PT-G-induced TJ injuries. Caco-2 monolayers were used as in vitro models. After being cultured for 21 days, the monolayers were treated with PT-G plus different concentrations of VD3. Then, the changes in trans-epithelial electrical resistance and FITC-dextran 4000 (FD-4) flux were determined to evaluate the monolayer barrier function. TJ protein levels were measured to assess TJ injury severity, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) expression and zonulin release levels were determined to estimate zonulin release signaling pathway activity. Additionally, a

Vitamin D and Estrogen Deficiency

Endocrine Society

This news article from the Endocrine Society discusses research findings related to Vitamin D and estrogen deficiency, offering insights into their potential interplay. It provides a brief overview of the scientific understanding at the time of publication.

Coeliac disease - Treatment

NHS

This NHS page provides an overview of coeliac disease treatment, focusing on the gluten-free diet and addressing common nutritional deficiencies. It mentions the importance of vitamin and mineral supplements, including vitamin D, for individuals with celiac disease.

The Effect of Calcitriol on Progress and Activity of Lupus Nephritis

n=50 · NCT01863641 · UNKNOWN · UNKNOWN

The purpose of this study is to determine whether calcitriol is effective in the treatment of lupus nephritis.

Double-blind, Investigator-initiated Study to Determine the Effect of Alum-GAD (Diamyd) in Combination With Vitamin D3 on the Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies

n=26 · NCT02387164 · TERMINATED · TERMINATED

The purpose of this study is to evaluate if immune-tolerance with Alum-formulated GAD (Diamyd), in combination with high dose Vitamin D3, may delay or stop the autoimmune process leading to clinical type 1 diabetes in non-diabetic children with ongoing beta-cell autoimmunity as indicated by positive islet autoantibodies.

Efficacy Comparison of Two Doses of Vitamin D3 in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

n=138 · NCT05657678 · UNKNOWN · UNKNOWN

Patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) are particularly susceptible to vitamin D3 deficiencies. This can be due to the severity of their underlying disease, the type of treatment they are on, malnutrition before and inadequate nutrition during the hospitalisation preceding ICU admission, as well as advanced age. It has also been established that plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 tend to systematically decrease during ICU treatment. Therapeutic interventions administered in ICU settings such as fluid resuscitation or extracorporeal therapies can cause additional vitamin D3 deficiencies. The incidence of deficiency in critically ill patients can reach up to 90%, and even 30% of ICU patients can have undetectable plasma levels. It is impossible to replenish vitamin D3 levels in critically ill patients with traditional enteral and parenteral nutrition treatment regimens, because nutritional products contain too little of the vitamin. Vitamin D3 deficiency in critically ill patients has been associated with acute kidney injury, acute respiratory failure, sepsis, septic shock and increased all-cause ICU mortality. Despite that, assessment of plasma 25(OH)D3 levels is not a routine practice in ICUs. In view of the prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiencies in ICU patients, rapid replenishment of this deficiency with an increased supplementation dose should be considered as a potential means to improve prognosis in this patient population. The current standard therapy is the administration of 500,000 IU of vitamin D3 via the enteral route in ICU patients with severe deficiency (recommended by ESPEN). The NephroD study is meant to help answer the question whether increasing the standard ICU supplementation dose of vitamin D3 by 50% will ensure a more effective replenishment of this vitamin in critically ill patients undergoing CRRT.