Type 1 Diabetes

Efficacy and Safety of Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Fan W, Deng C, Xu R, Liu Z, Leslie RD, Zhou Z · Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025 · n=623

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems studies are upsurging, half of which were published in the last 5 years. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AID systems in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov until August 31, 2023. Randomized clinical trials that compared AID systems with other insulin-based treatments in patients with T1DM were considered eligible. Studies characteristics and glycemic metrics was extracted by three researchers independently. Sixty-five trials (3,623 patients) were included. The percentage of time in range (TIR) was 11.74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.37 to 14.12; P<0.001) higher with AID systems compared with control treatments. Patients on AID systems had more pronounced improvement of time below range when diabetes duration was more than 20 years (-1.80% vs. -0.86%, P=0.031) and baseline glycosylated hemoglobin lower than 7.5% (-1.93% vs. -0.

Effects of cinnamon supplementation on metabolic biomarkers in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

de Moura SL, Gomes BGR, Guilarducci MJ, Coelho OGL, Guimarães NS, Gomes JMG · Nutrition reviews · 2025 · n=3054

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) has been rising significantly over the years. Recent studies have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon on metabolic biomarkers. The objective of this review was to assess the effect of cinnamon supplementation on metabolic biomarkers in patients with DM2. The Pubmed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase databases were searched up to November 10, 2022. A systematic search was performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of cinnamon supplementation on metabolic biomarkers, in adults and the elderly with DM2, and comparing the data for a cinnamon intervention group with that for a placebo group or a control group. The main exclusion criteria were studies (1) with other types of diabetes (ie, gestational diabetes or type 1 diabetes), (2) without cinnamon consumption, (3) that did not evaluate metabolic biomarkers, or (4) in vitro and animal studies. Two researchers independently screened 924 records, eval

Pregnancy outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Clement NS, Abul A, Farrelly R, Murphy HR, Forbes K, Simpson NAB · American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) now accounts for the majority of pre-existing diabetes affecting pregnancy in the UK. Our aim was to determine its impact on pregnancy outcomes compared to type 1 diabetes (T1D), gestational diabetes (GDM), and nondiabetes pregnancies. PubMed was searched 1 January 2009 to 2024. Cohort observational studies reporting original data on at least one of the primary outcomes in ten or more T2D pregnancies were eligible for inclusion. Comparative diabetes and nondiabetes pregnancies were also collected. Primary outcomes included congenital anomalies, stillbirths, neonatal and perinatal mortality, birthweight, rates of large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), and macrosomia. PROSPERO ID CRD42023411057. Forty seven studies were analyzed. The number of pregnancies in each analysis varied depending on the available data from the outcome being analyzed but ranged from 723 to 4,469,053 pregnancies. When compared with T1D pregnancies, T2D were

Vitamin D and Beta Cells in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Yu J, Sharma P, Girgis CM, Gunton JE · International journal of molecular sciences · 2022

The prevalence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rising steadily. A potential contributor to the rise is vitamin D. In this systematic review, we examined the literature around vitamin D and T1D. We identified 22 papers examining the role of vitamin D in cultured β-cell lines, islets, or perfused pancreas, and 28 papers examining vitamin D in humans or human islets. The literature reports strong associations between T1D and low circulating vitamin D. There is also high-level (systematic reviews, meta-analyses) evidence that adequate vitamin D status in early life reduces T1D risk. Several animal studies, particularly in NOD mice, show harm from D-deficiency and benefit in most studies from vitamin D treatment/supplementation. Short-term streptozotocin studies show a β-cell survival effect with supplementation. Human studies report associations between VDR polymorphisms and T1D risk and β-cell function, as assessed by C-peptide. In view of those outcomes, the variable result

Infant milk-feeding practices and diabetes outcomes in offspring: a systematic review.

Güngör D, Nadaud P, LaPergola CC, Dreibelbis C, Wong YP, Terry N · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019

During the Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project, the US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services initiated a review of evidence on diet and health in these populations. The aim of these systematic reviews was to examine the relation of 1) never versus ever feeding human milk, 2) shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding, 3) shorter versus longer durations of exclusive human milk feeding, and 4) feeding a lower versus higher intensity of human milk to mixed-fed infants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in offspring. The Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team conducted systematic reviews with external experts. We searched CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, and PubMed for articles published January 1980-March 2016, dual-screened the results according to predetermined criteria, extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias for each included study, qualitatively synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the eviden

Dietary Approaches for Japanese Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Yamada S, Kabeya Y, Noto H · Nutrients · 2018

This study aimed to elucidate the effect of an energy restricted and carbohydrate restricted diet on the management of Japanese diabetes patients. Several databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Japan Medical Abstracts Society were searched for relevant articles published prior to June 2017. The articles identified were systematically reviewed. We identified 286 articles on an energy restricted diet, assessed seven and included two studies in our review. On a carbohydrate restricted diet, 75 articles were extracted, seven articles assessed and three included in the review, of which two were the studies that were selected for the energy restricted diet group, since they compared energy restricted diets with carbohydrate restricted diets. All selected studies were on Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. No studies for type 1 diabetes were found in our search. Two randomized controlled trials on an energy restricted diet were also included in the three studies for a carbohydrate r

Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management (NICE guideline NG18)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

This NICE guideline covers diagnosing and managing type 1 diabetes in adults, including recommendations on education, insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and managing complications.

EASD Guidelines

European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

EASD publishes clinical practice guidelines and position statements, many of which address the management and care of Type 1 Diabetes, often in collaboration with other major diabetes organizations.

Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management

NICE

This guideline covers diagnosing and managing type 1 diabetes in adults aged 18 and over, including education, monitoring, insulin therapy, and managing complications. It aims to improve outcomes and quality of life for people with type 1 diabetes.

Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes.

Hyöty H, Laiho JE, Virtanen SM · Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2026

The contribution of environmental factors to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is considered substantial, but their identification has turned out to be challenging. Large prospective studies are crucial for reliable identification of environmental risk and protective factors. However, only few large prospective birth cohort studies have been carried out. Enterovirus infections have shown quite consistent risk association with the initiation of islet autoimmunity (IA) across these studies. Also, certain dietary factors have been consistently associated with IA risk, omega-3 fatty acids inversely, and childhood cow's milk intake directly. However, the mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood, and possible causality has not been confirmed. Clinical trial programs with enterovirus vaccines and antiviral drugs are in progress to evaluate the causality of enterovirus association. The only nutritional primary prevention randomized trial, TRIGR, did not find a difference bet

Adjuvant Probiotics of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, L. johnsonii MH-68, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP-9 Attenuate Glycemic Levels and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Wang CH, Yen HR, Lu WL, Ho HH, Lin WY, Kuo YW · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022 · n=27

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Previous study has discovered that probiotic strains residing in the gut play essential roles in host immune regulation. However, few clinical results demonstrated probiotic would actually benefit in attenuating glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) along with inflammatory cytokine levels of the T1DM patients and analyzed their gut microbiota profile at the same time. In this clinical trial, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics on HbA1c along with inflammatory cytokine levels of T1DM patients to determine an alternative administration mode for T1DM medication. The probiotics changed T1DM gut microbiota profile will be measured by next-generation sequencing (NGS). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed at China Medical University Hospital. T1DM patients between 6 and 18 years of age were enrolled. 27 patients were administered regular insulin therapy

Association of Vitamins and Minerals with Type 1 Diabetes Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Shi L, Belbellaj W, Manousaki D · Nutrients · 2025

Background/Objectives: Previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies can alter immune responses in animals. However, the impact of micronutrients on autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans remains unclear since the described associations are based on observational data and they cannot establish causality. This study aims to examine the causal relationship between various micronutrients and T1D using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: We performed a two-sample MR analysis using genetic variants from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 17 micronutrients as instrumental variables (IVs). We analyzed T1D GWAS datasets of European (18,942 cases/520,580controls), multi-ancestry (25,717 cases/583,311 controls), Latin American/Hispanic (2295 cases/55,134 controls), African American/Afro-Caribbean (6451 cases/109,410 controls), and East Asian (1219 cases/132,032 controls) ancestries. We applied the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method in our main analysis, and

Incorporating Complementary Therapies Into Diabetes Care.

Blanchette JE, Paquin F, Dobbs BN, Kiely RL, Hatipoglu B · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025

Current diabetes care and education programs and expert clinical diabetes management guidelines focus on diabetes self-care behaviors and have yet to incorporate complementary therapies. Complementary therapies, such as music therapy, yoga, mindfulness, and art therapy, have been used globally for centuries and have positive metabolic and glycemic outcomes. In this mini-review, we describe complementary therapies successfully used in diabetes, identify current evidence-based practice gaps, and provide recommendations for incorporating complementary therapies into diabetes care. We thoroughly searched relevant PubMed and Google Scholar studies from 2004 to 2024. Our inclusion criteria were clinical trial studies using the search terms "diabetes self-management" OR "metabolic outcomes" OR "diabetes" OR "type of complementary therapy (music therapy, mindfulness, yoga or art therapy) OR population (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, diabetes)." We synthesized the evidence to

Association between type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus: a Mendelian randomization study.

Liu S, Si S, Li J, Zhao Y, Yu Q, Xue F · Clinical rheumatology · 2024

Observational studies have shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); the causality of this association remains elusive and may be affected by confusion and reverse causality. There is also a lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials to verify. Therefore, this Mendelian randomization (MR) study aimed to investigate the causal association between T1D and SLE. We aggregated data using publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS), all from European populations. Select independent (R2 < 0.001) and closely related to exposure (P < 5 × 10-8) as instrumental variables (IVs). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary method. We also used MR-Egger, the weighted median method, MR-Robust, MR-Lasso, and other methods leveraged as supplements. T1D had a positive causal association with SLE (IVW, odds ratio [OR] =&#x200

Type 1 Diabetes

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK/NIH)

This NIDDK page provides comprehensive, easy-to-understand health information on Type 1 Diabetes, covering causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for the general public.

Understanding Beta-cell Destruction Through the Study of EXtremely Early-onset Type 1 Diabetes (A Musketeers' Memorandum Study)

n=300 · NCT03369821 · RECRUITING · RECRUITING

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas by the body's own immune system (autoimmunity). It is not fully understood what causes this type of diabetes and why there is variation in age of onset and severity between people who develop the disease. The aim of this work is to study very unusual people who develop T1D extremely young, as babies under 2 years of age (EET1D). The investigators think that, for the condition to have developed that early, they must have an unusual or extreme form of autoimmunity. Studying people with EET1D will enable us to look at exactly what goes wrong with the immune system because they have one of the most extreme forms of the disease. Much may be learned about the disease from a small number of rare individuals. The investigators aim to confirm that they have autoimmune type 1 diabetes and then try to understand how they have developed diabetes so young by studying their immune system genes, the function of their immune system, and environmental factors (such as maternal genetics) that may play a role in their development of the disease. People with diabetes diagnosed under 12 months are very rare, live all over the world. and are usually referred to Exeter for genetic testing. Individuals will be contacted via their clinician to ask for more information about their diabetes and their family history. Samples will be collected to study whether they still make any of their own insulin and whether they make specific antibodies against their beta cells in the pancreas. Separately, their immune system will be studied in depth using immune cells isolated from a blood sample. These cells will undergo cutting edge techniques by Dr Tim Tree at King's College London, by Professor Bart Roep at Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands, and Dr Cate Speake, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle (USA). Some of these tests have never been used in people of young ages around the world, so an aim of this project will be to develop methods that can be used to study people even if they live far away. Additional funding extended the study for a further 3 years (Phase 2) to include recruitment of infants without diabetes, aged 0-6 years, as controls to enable assessment of how the abnormalities found in autoimmune and non-autoimmune diabetes compare to normal early life development of the immune system. An additional funding award extended the study (Phase 3) until November 2028, to advance the EXE-T1D program into its third phase, building on major discoveries from phases 1 and 2 to identify, validate, and target immune pathways that drive extremely early-onset type 1 diabetes (eeT1D) and are likely relevant to T1D across all ages. eeT1D cases, diagnosed within the first two years of life, represent particularly aggressive onset of beta-cell autoimmunity. They offer a unique lens to uncover mechanisms of immune dysregulation, informed by both polygenic and monogenic causes. The central aim is to move from pathway discovery to demonstration of novel druggable targets with potential to delay or prevent T1D onset across all ages.

A Phase 1 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Single-ascending Dose and Multiple-ascending Dose (SAD and MAD) Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA) BLX-7006 in Healthy Adults With a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 20 - 35 kg/m2

n=76 · NCT07140055 · NOT_YET_RECRUITING · NOT_YET_RECRUITING

This study will test an oral medicine called BLX-7006, which acts like the hormone Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) to help control blood sugar and body weight. Current GLP-1 medicines are given by injection. This study will see if BLX-7006 is safe, how the body processes it, and whether food changes how it is absorbed. The main goal is to see if BLX-7006 is safe and well tolerated. Secondary objectives of the study will measure how BLX-7006 moves through the body after an oral dose, including how quickly it is absorbed, how long it stays in the blood, and how the body removes it. It will also look at how the drug affects the body by looking at markers of glucose metabolism.

A Real-world, Multi-centre, Prospective, Non-interventional, Single-arm Study Investigating Glycaemic Control, Treatment Satisfaction and Adherence Associated With the Use of Insulin Icodec in People Living With Type 1 Diabetes

n=245 · NCT07160816 · RECRUITING · RECRUITING

The study will look at how well insulin icodec controls blood sugar levels in participants who have never used it before. Participants with type 1 diabetes (T1D) will be treated with insulin icodec as prescribed to by their doctor, in accordance with usual clinical practice. This study will last for about 22 to 30 weeks.