Estrogen Dominance

Endometriosis-associated infertility: Multi-omics insights into pathogenesis and precision therapeutics.

Ou Y, Wang H, Zhou C, Chen Y, Lyu J, Feng M · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025

Endometriosis is a prevalent, estrogen-dependent, inflammatory disease that impairs fertility via hormonal dysregulation, immune dysfunction, oxidative stress/ferroptosis, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and microbiome imbalance. We summarize multi-omics insights and clinical implications for endometriosis-associated infertility. This article is a Systematic Review that synthesizes recent multi-omics and clinical evidence on mechanisms (hormonal, immune-inflammatory, oxidative stress/ferroptosis, genetic/epigenetic, microbiome/metabolic) and appraises therapeutic strategies spanning surgery, hormonal suppression, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and emerging adjuncts. Mechanistic and clinical findings are integrated to map targets, biomarkers, and precision-care opportunities across disease phenotypes. Evidence indicates local estrogen dominance with progesterone resistance, pervasive immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress with iron-driven ferroptosis that particular

Hormone Health Network

The Endocrine Society

While the Endocrine Society provides comprehensive resources on hormonal health, specific guidelines on magnesium glycinate for estrogen dominance are not readily available.

Clinical Practice Guidelines - Hormones

Endocrine Society

The Endocrine Society provides various clinical practice guidelines related to endocrine disorders, which may include aspects of hormonal balance. Users would need to search for specific guidelines related to estrogen imbalances.

Comparison of the effects of triphasic oral contraceptives with desogestrel or levonorgestrel on apolipoprotein A-I-containing high-density lipoprotein particles.

Cheung MC, Walden CE, Knopp RH · Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 1999 · n=11

Recent observations suggest that the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with both the level and composition of the two major populations of apolipoprotein (apo)-defined high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles: those containing both apo A-I and apo A-II [Lp(AI,AII)] and those containing apo A-I without apo A-II [Lp(AI)]. While sex hormones are known to affect HDL, their influence on these apo-defined HDL particles is not known. We have determined the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) formulations on these HDL particles in healthy normolipidemic women aged 21 to 35 years. The formulations contain comparable quantities of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and either desogestrel (DG), a minimally androgenic progestin, or levonorgestrel (LN), a more androgenic progestin. Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured during the third week of the normal menstrual cycle and the sixth month of OC use. The DG/EE formulation significantly increased total cholesterol (C) 15%, tr

Effects of long-term administration of an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate on lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Falsetti L, Pasinetti E · Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 1995 · n=72

The effects of an oral contraceptive pill containing cyproterone acetate on lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was studied. Seventy-two women with PCOS were treated for 36 consecutive cycles with an oral contraceptive containing 0.035 mg of ethinylestradiol and 2 mg of cyproterone acetate. Hormonal, lipid and glucose profiles were studied before and after 12 and 36 cycles of treatment. Lipid, lipo-and apolipoprotein values were compared to a healthy control group. Statistical analysis was by one way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's t tests. The treatment suppressed gonadotropin and androgen values and increased the levels of sex hormone binding globulin. After 12 and 36 cycles a significant increase in triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol system, and apoprotein B levels was seen. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio were reduced. Insulin and glucose plasma concentrations did not chan

Effects of cyproterone acetate plus ethinylestradiol low dose on plasma androgens and lipids in mildly hirsute or acneic young women.

Vermeulen A, Rubens R · Contraception · 1988 · n=30

The purpose of this study was to compare, by a randomized double-blind study, involving 30 women with either acne or mild hirsutism, the effects on plasma androgens and lipoproteins, of two hormonal preparations used in acne and ensuring reliable contraception, namely DianeR (cyproterone acetate 2 mg and ethinylestradiol 50 micrograms per pill - D-50) and Diane 35 (cyproterone acetate 2 mg and ethinylestradiol 35 micrograms per pill - D-35). Both drugs, used over a 6-month period (treatment cycle of 21 days with a pill-free interval of 7 days), induced an impressive decrease of free testosterone levels and of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol-glucuronide, a parameter of peripheral androgen formation; also dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels decreased significantly. Except for an increase of both total T and dihydrotestosterone and as well as for a more important increase in SHBG levels during treatment with D-50, consequences of its more pronounced estrogen dominance in compar

Hormonal Dysregulation and Neuroinflammation in Endometriosis: Convergent Druggable Pathways.

Olteanu IL, Pușcașu C, Andrei C, Zanfirescu A · Current issues in molecular biology · 2026

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent disorder defined by ectopic endometrial-like tissue growth, persistent inflammation, and aberrant innervation. Emerging evidence indicates that disease progression and symptom severity are driven by a reciprocal interaction between hormonal dysregulation and neuroinflammatory signaling. This narrative review synthesizes human-based mechanistic and clinical evidence on the hormonal-neuroinflammatory interface in endometriosis, drawing on peer-reviewed publications retrieved from PubMed and Scopus through November 2025. The publications comprised studies using data from patient-derived tissues, primary endometriotic cells, and clinical cohorts. Several convergent molecular nodes at this interface were identified: the prostaglandin E2-prostaglandin E receptor 2/prostaglandin E receptor 4-aromatase axis, estrogen receptor beta-nuclear factor kappa B signaling, interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-mediated fibrosis,

The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in the pathogenesis of endometriosis: A microbial and microenvironmental perspective.

Remmani NB, Harous ZS, Alzaidy RQ, Ahmednour SA, Egusa H, Soliman SSM · Anaerobe · 2026

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory gynecological condition characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial-like tissue, with an unclear etiology and limited treatment efficacy. Recent studies implicate the oral and gut commensal bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, with uterine colonization reported in up to 64% of affected women. This review highlights the potential role of F. nucleatum in disease progression, particularly through its metabolic activation within the endometrial microenvironment. We explore the contribution of key bacterial metabolites (formate, lactate, and hydrogen sulfide), proteins (FadA and Fap2), and lipids (oxidized LDL, lysophosphatidylcholines, and saturated fatty acids) to inflammation, immune evasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), features that overlap with tumor biology. The review also investigates the preferential triggers of F. nucleatum translocation into the endometrium. Host factors such as hy

Endometriosis and Oocyte Quality: Morphological Alterations, Developmental Competence, and Modifiable Strategies for Reproductive Longevity.

Contestabile M, Marzi I, Mangione C, Franzoni F, Artini PG, Daniele S · Cells · 2026

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disorder that is increasingly recognized as a systemic condition with profound implications for female reproductive potential. In addition to pelvic distortion and impaired folliculogenesis, growing evidence indicates that intrinsic alterations in oocyte morphology, mitochondrial function, and developmental competence contribute to infertility. The disease is driven by a multifactorial interplay of somatic mutations, epigenetic remodeling, immune dysregulation, and aberrant steroid signaling, which together create a pro-inflammatory, oxidative, and fibrotic microenvironment. Elevated cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and disrupted granulosa-cell function within the follicular niche impair meiotic progression, cytoplasmic maturation, and mitochondrial integrity, potentially accelerating oocyte aging and diminishing reproductive longevity. Epigenetic and post-transcriptional disturbances-including altered DNA methylation, hist

Milk Thistle

NCCIH

This NCCIH page provides general information on milk thistle, including its uses, potential side effects, and what the science says about its effectiveness for various conditions. It does not specifically address estrogen dominance but offers a foundational overview of the herb.

Vitamin D and Estrogen Deficiency

Endocrine Society

This news article from the Endocrine Society discusses research findings related to Vitamin D and estrogen deficiency, offering insights into their potential interplay. It provides a brief overview of the scientific understanding at the time of publication.

Flaxseed

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC)

MSKCC's 'About Herbs' database offers a comprehensive review of flaxseed, detailing its purported uses, active constituents, scientific evidence for efficacy, and potential interactions or adverse effects. It is particularly valuable for understanding its implications in cancer care and hormonal contexts.

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)

Natural Medicines Database

The Natural Medicines Database provides a comprehensive professional monograph on milk thistle, covering its clinical effectiveness, adverse effects, and drug interactions. It serves as a detailed reference for healthcare professionals regarding herbal supplements, though specific guidance on estrogen dominance may require deeper exploration within the database.

Sulforaphane Monograph

Natural Medicines Database

This monograph provides comprehensive, evidence-based data on sulforaphane, including its efficacy, safety, mechanism of action, and interactions. It includes information relevant to various health conditions, though specific recommendations for estrogen dominance may not be a primary focus.

Magnesium Glycinate

Natural Medicines Database

The Natural Medicines Database offers comprehensive, evidence-based information on dietary supplements and natural medicines, including magnesium glycinate, assessing its efficacy for various conditions.