Hyperthyroidism

High prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men with hyperthyroidism: a meta-analysis.

Liu X, Wang Y, Ma L, Wang D, Peng Z, Mao Z · BMC endocrine disorders · 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between hyperthyroidism and the risk of developing erectile dysfunction (ED). A comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the relationship between hyperthyroidism and ED in men. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle‒Ottawa Quality Rating Scale, and a meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16.0 and RevMan 5.3 software. A total of four papers encompassing 25,519 study subjects were included in the analysis. Among these, 6,429 individuals had hyperthyroidism, while 19,090 served as controls. The overall prevalence of ED in patients with hyperthyroidism was determined to be 31.1% (95% CI 0.06-0.56). In patients with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism, the incidence of ED was 21.9% (95% CI 0.05-0.38). The combined odds ratio (OR) for the four studies was 1.73 (OR: 1.73; 95% CI [1.46-

Effectiveness and potential mechanism of Jiawei-Xiaoyao-San for hyperthyroidism: a systematic review.

Ma W, Zhang X, Zhao R, Tang Y, Zhu X, Liu L · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023 · n=979

To evaluate the effectiveness and potential mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Jiawei-Xiaoyao-San (JWXYS) as an adjunct or mono- therapy for antithyroid drugs (ATDs) in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Eight databases and three trial registries were searched from inception until May 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included and meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14.0. The Cochrane risk of bias (ROB) tool 1.0 and GRADE tool was used for quality appraisal. The findings from case reports using mono-JWXYS and pharmacological studies were summarized in tables. Thirteen RCTs with 979 participants were included. The majority of the included studies were assessed as high risk of bias in one ROB domain. Compared with ATDs, JWXYS plus ATDs resulted in lower free triiodothyronine (FT3) (MD = -1.31 pmol/L, 95% CI [-1.85, -0.76]; low-certainty), lower free thyroxine (MD = -3.24 pmol/L, 95% CI [-5.06, -1.42]; low-certainty), higher thyroid stimulating horm

Hyperthyroidism and clinical depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bode H, Ivens B, Bschor T, Schwarzer G, Henssler J, Baethge C · Translational psychiatry · 2022 · n=608

Hyperthyroidism and clinical depression are common, and there is preliminary evidence of substantial comorbidity. The extent of the association in the general population, however, has not yet been estimated meta-analytically. Therefore we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis (registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020164791). Until May 2020, Medline (via PubMed), PsycINFO, and Embase databases were systematically searched for studies on the association of hyperthyroidism and clinical depression, without language or date restrictions. Two reviewers independently selected epidemiological studies providing laboratory or ICD-based diagnoses of hyperthyroidism and diagnoses of depression according to operationalized criteria (e.g. DSM) or to cut-offs in established rating scales. All data, including study quality based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, were independently extracted by two authors. Odds ratios for the association of clinical depression and hyperthyroidism were calculated in

Thyroid storm in pediatrics: a systematic review.

Abisad DA, Glenn Lecea EM, Ballesteros AM, Alarcon G, Diaz A, Pagan-Banchs P · Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM · 2023 · n=45

Thyroid storm (TS) is an uncommon but severe manifestation of hyperthyroidism and an endocrine emergency, as it is fatal if it goes unrecognized. In pediatrics, the current literature is limited to case reports and case series. Current knowledge is extrapolated from adult data. This systematic review aims to present the epidemiology, most common etiologies, clinical presentation, and most accepted standard of care of TS in children. We aim to raise awareness of hyperthyroidism in the pediatric community. The databases used were PubMed, google scholar, and LILACS, with the search terms "thyroid storm" AND "pediatrics". Studies included case reports and case series in English and Spanish from patients between the ages of 0-21 years with clinical features consistent with a diagnosis of TS based on ATA 2016, with or without reported scale scores, published between 2000 and 2022. Variables such as ethnicity, etiology, possible triggers, clinical features, and management component

Risk of perioperative thyroid storm in hyperthyroid patients: a systematic review.

de Mul N, Damstra J, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM, Fischli S, Kalkman CJ, Schellekens WM · British journal of anaesthesia · 2021

Thyroid storm is a feared complication in patients with hyperthyroidism undergoing surgery. We assessed the risk of thyroid storm for different preoperative treatment options for patients with primary hyperthyroidism undergoing surgery. Pubmed, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were searched systematically for all studies reporting on adult hyperthyroid patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Selected studies were categorised based on preoperative treatment: no treatment, antithyroid medication (thionamides), iodine, β-blocking medication, or a combination thereof. Treatment effect, that is restoring euthyroidism, was extracted from the publications if available. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) or the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised studies. The search yielded 7009 articles, of which 26 studies published between 1975 and 2020 were selected for critical appraisal. All studies

Management of Chronic Diarrhea in Primary Care: The Gastroenterologists' Advice.

Hammer HF · Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021

Chronic diarrhea is defined as more than 3 bowel movements per day, or loose stools, or stool weight >200 g/day for at least 4 weeks. Accompanying symptoms may include urgency, abdominal pain, or cramps. A number of causes have to be considered, including inflammatory, neoplastic, malabsorptive, infective, vascular, and functional gastrointestinal diseases. Other causes include food intolerances, side effects of drugs, or postsurgical conditions. Diarrhea may also be symptom of a systemic disease, like diabetes or hyperthyroidism. Special patient groups, like the very elderly and immunocompromised patients, pose special challenges. This review follows a question-answer style and addresses questions raised on the intersection of primary and secondary care. What do you mean by diarrhea? Why is it important to distinguish between acute or chronic diarrhea? How shall the patient with chronic diarrhea be approached? How can history and physical exam help? How can routine laboratory test

2025 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Hyperthyroidism.

Kim KJ, Song E, Kim M, Kwon H, Ku EJ, Kwon HW · Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025

Hyperthyroidism is a condition marked by excessive thyroid hormone production, most commonly due to Graves' disease. Treatment options include antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, and thyroidectomy. To develop standardized clinical recommendations for RAI therapy with a focus on safety, efficacy, and monitoring, the Korean Thyroid Association formed a task force to create evidence-based guidelines. Six key clinical questions were identified through expert consensus, and a systematic literature review from 2013 to 2022 was conducted. Clinical indications for RAI therapy were categorized into three groups: strongly recommended, may be considered, and not recommended. A fixed dose of 10 to 15 mCi is recommended. Although a strict low-iodine diet is unnecessary, iodine-rich foods should be avoided for at least 1 week before treatment. ATD should be stopped 3 to 7 days before RAI and may be resumed in select cases. Prophylactic glucocorticoids are recommended for patie

EMAS position statement: Thyroid disease and menopause.

Mintziori G, Veneti S, Poppe K, Goulis DG, Armeni E, Erel CT · Maturitas · 2024

Thyroid diseases are common in women in their late reproductive years; therefore, thyroid disease and menopause may co-exist. Both conditions may present with a wide range of symptoms, leading to diagnostic challenges and delayed diagnosis. Aim To construct the first European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS) statement on thyroid diseases and menopause. Literature review and consensus of expert opinion (EMAS executive board members/experts on menopause and thyroid disease). This position paper highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas in managing women with thyroid disease during the menopausal transition, aiming to increase healthcare professionals' awareness of thyroid disorders and menopause-related symptoms. Clinical decisions regarding the treatment of both conditions should be made with caution and attention to the specific characteristics of this age group while adopting a personalized patient approach. The latter must include the family history, involvement of

2022 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of pediatric Graves' disease.

Mooij CF, Cheetham TD, Verburg FA, Eckstein A, Pearce SH, Léger J · European thyroid journal · 2022

Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (GD) is a relatively rare disease in children. Treatment options are the same as in adults - antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) or thyroid surgery, but the risks and benefits of each modality are different. The European Thyroid Association guideline provides new recommendations for the management of pediatric GD with and without orbitopathy. Clinicians should be alert that GD may present with behavioral changes or declining academic performance in children. Measurement of serum TSH receptor antibodies is recommended for all pediatric patients with hyperthyroidism. Management recommendations include the first-line use of a prolonged course of methimazole/carbimazole ATD treatment (3 years or more), a preference for dose titration instead of block and replace ATD, and to avoid propylthiouracil use. Where definitive treatment is required either total thyroidectomy or RAI is recommended, aiming for complete thyroid ablation with a pe

Serum Metabolites as Mediator Between Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism and Epilepsy: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

Zhang K, Fan L, Zhang Z, He X · Molecular neurobiology · 2025

Epilepsy, a complex neurological condition, might intertwine with various immune system anomalies, including autoimmune hyperthyroidism. An overactive thyroid gland due to immune system misdirection could subtly influence epilepsy via mechanisms not fully understood. Our investigation leverages Mendelian randomization (MR) to dissect this association, aiming to illuminate the role of serum metabolites as a possible bridge connecting these conditions. A comprehensive MR analysis was conducted in three phases, using genetic variants from GWAS datasets. The first phase assessed the causal effect of autoimmune hyperthyroidism on epilepsy. The second phase examined the impact of 1400 serum metabolites on epilepsy. The final phase explored the mediation of these metabolites in the autoimmune hyperthyroidism-epilepsy pathway. The analysis employed inverse variance weighted (IVW) methods, along with sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger and weighted median approaches, to ensure robustness. O

Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Mounsey A, Paulus R, Roten W · American family physician · 2025

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland and affects 1.3% of adults in the United States. Thyrotoxicosis is a state of thyroid hormone excess and may be caused by hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, or exogenous administration. The most common symptoms of hyperthyroidism are weakness, palpitations, weight loss, and heat intolerance, and the most common signs are a palpable goiter, tachycardia, muscle weakness, and tremor. A low thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) level has a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thyrotoxicosis. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is the autoimmune condition Graves disease, typically diagnosed by the presence of thyroid eye disease, which is pathognomonic, or thyrotropin receptor antibodies. Other causes of hyperthyroidism are toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, and thyroiditis, which can be differentiated by the pattern of uptake on a radioactive iodine scan. Thionamides (most commo

Long-Term Thyroid Outcomes After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cohort Study of 2 333 496 Patients From the TriNetX Network.

Cheng KL, Yu WS, Wang YH, Ibarburu GH, Lee HL, Wei JC · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025

Reports on long-term thyroid dysfunction following COVID-19 vaccination are limited. Understanding the risk of subacute thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism in vaccinated individuals is crucial for postvaccination monitoring. This study evaluated the risk of thyroid dysfunction in individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 compared to unvaccinated individuals, using a large cohort. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023, using the TriNetX database, including 1 166 748 vaccinated and 1 166 748 unvaccinated individuals. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics. The primary outcomes were new diagnoses of subacute thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. The risk of subacute thyroiditis remained unchanged (95% CIs included 1). A significant reduction in hyperthyroidism risk was observed from 3 to 9 months postvaccination (hazard ratios [HRs]: 0.65-0.89, all 95% CIs below 1), but this trend was

Role of Selenium Intake for Risk and Development of Hyperthyroidism.

Wang Y, Zhao F, Rijntjes E, Wu L, Wu Q, Sui J · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2019 · n=6152

To investigate the importance of dietary selenium (Se) for hyperthyroidism. We performed a more in-depth analysis of a large cross-sectional study of 6152 participants from two counties within the Shaanxi Province, China. These counties are characterized by different habitual Se intake. We investigated the effects of a different dietary Se supply (0.02, 0.18, 0.6, or 2.0 ppm Se) on disease development in a mouse model of Graves disease (GD). The cross-sectional study revealed a comparable prevalence of hyperthyroidism, irrespective of Se intake, in both counties. However, an unexpected sex-specific difference was noted, and Se deficiency might constitute a risk factor for hyperthyroidism, especially in males. In a mouse model, pathological thyroid morphology was affected, and greater Se intake exerted some protecting effects on the pathological distortion. Circulating thyroid hormone levels, malondialdehyde concentrations, total antioxidant capacity, and the titer of GD-causing TSH r

Hyperthyroidism

The Endocrine Society

The Endocrine Society provides an overview of hyperthyroidism, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. While primarily for patients, it reflects expert medical knowledge in endocrinology.

Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)

NHS

This NHS page provides comprehensive patient-focused information on hyperthyroidism, covering symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is a good starting point for individuals seeking to understand the condition.

Testing a Brief Video Intervention to Support Patient Coping Following Radioiodine Treatment

n=80 · NCT07405320 · NOT_YET_RECRUITING · NOT_YET_RECRUITING

This study will test the impact of a short video intervention for people who are receiving radioiodine treatment for thyroid conditions (such as hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer). After their single-dose treatment, patients need to follow safety instructions to protect others and manage side effects during recovery. Some people find these instructions hard to remember, and side effects (or anticipation of side effects) can feel worrying or disruptive. The video aims to present the treatment information in a more accessible patient-friendly way, so that patients feel less distressed, find their side effects easier to cope with, and better engage with safety precautions. All patients will first have a pre-treatment consultation with their doctor and receive the standard treatment information currently provided. Before this consultation patients will be randomly assigned to view one of two videos. The control group will see a neutral video that details standard health information that is not specific to radioiodine, while the intervention group will see a video that explains side effects, safety requirements and recovery period in a more adaptive way. Comparing these two groups will allow us to assess whether this new approach improves coping, reduces distress, and enhances adherence to safety instructions in the post-dose recovery phase of radioiodine treatment.

Early Administration of L-carnitine in Hemodialysis Patients: Double Blind Randomized Trial Versus Placebo

n=110 · NCT00322322 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

Hemodialysis is a cause of carnitine deficiency. The deficiency of carnitine induces an anemia by an increase fragility of the red blood cells, a muscular fatigue and a cardiac dysfunction. We proposed to evaluate the benefit of an early administration of L-carnitine in hemodialysis patients. The patients should be included in the first month after the start of chronic hemodialysis, randomized to receive L-carnitine or placebo and should be followed-up during one year.

Awareness of Osteoporosis in Patients With Hyperthyroidism

n=400 · NCT05760417 · UNKNOWN · UNKNOWN

Osteoporosis is a condition that describes compromised skeletal microarchitecture in general, with clinical signs of decreased bone mineral density. Multiple sclerosis patients are at increased risk for developing osteoporosis. Identifying whether multiple sclerosis patients have information and awareness about this disease is crucial. This study is aimed to investigate awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Cochrane Library: Hyperthyroidism

Cochrane

The Cochrane Library provides systematic reviews and meta-analyses of healthcare interventions related to hyperthyroidism. It is a key resource for evidence-based medicine, synthesizing research findings to inform clinical practice.

TRIP Database: Hyperthyroidism

TRIP Database

TRIP Database is a clinical search engine designed to allow users to quickly and easily find high-quality research evidence to support their practice. It aggregates evidence from various sources, including clinical guidelines and systematic reviews, for hyperthyroidism.