Brazil Nuts (Selenium)

Clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Zhang H, Yang Y, Liu S, Yang Y, Liu Z · Medicine · 2025 · n=1610

To assess the clinical benefits of Selenium (Se) supplementation in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). Eight databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. The outcomes of interest were thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4). The study protocol is registered on INPLASY, DOI number is 10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0085. Twenty-one studies with a total of 1610 subjects were included. Serum TPOAb was significantly reduced after Se supplementation after 3 months (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.74 to -0.18, P = .001) and 6 months (SMD = -0.80, 95%CI: -1.38 to -0.21, P = .008). The serum TgAb levels decreased at 3 months (SMD = -0.46, 95%CI: -0.79 to -0.12, P = .007) but not at 6 months. Significant effects on declining the TSH titers

Associations between Diet and Cognitive Function in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Amanat S, Dordevic AL, Brodtmann A, Cardoso BR · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025

Poststroke cognitive decline is a major form of disability in stroke survivors. Although dietary interventions have shown potential in improving cognitive outcomes in stroke-free populations, their effects on stroke survivors remain unclear. This review aimed to evaluate associations between diet and cognitive function in stroke survivors. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and CINHAL were searched for studies from inception to 16 December, 2024. Eligible articles were observational and interventional studies on adult stroke survivors that evaluated the association/effect of any nutritional exposure/intervention on cognitive performance and dementia risk. Studies were excluded when an intervention was combined with nonnutritional treatment. Random-effects meta-analysis was used for similar randomized clinical trials. This review included 20 clinical trials and 14 observational studies assessing the intake of energy and proteins and a variety of single nutrients, as well as dietary patterns, sing

Effects of different supplements on Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Peng B, Wang W, Gu Q, Wang P, Teng W, Shan Z · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024

Clinicians often consider the use of dietary supplements to assist in lowering thyroid autoantibody titres in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Currently, different supplements differ in their ability to reduce autoantibody levels. The purpose of this article is to compare the ability of different supplements to lower autoantibody titres and restore TSH levels through a systematic literature review. We obtained information from the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases, as well as the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Selected studies included those using selenium, Vitamin D, Myo-inositol, and Myo-inositol in combination with selenium for the treatment of HT patients with euthyroidism. These data were combined using standardised mean differences (SMDs) and assessed using a random effects model. A total of 10 quantitative meta-analyses of case-control studies were selected for this meta-analysis. Compared to the placebo group, the use of selenium

Iron and ferritin deficiency in women with hypothyroidism and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - systematic review.

Gierach M, Rudewicz M, Junik R · Endokrynologia Polska · 2024

Iron is one of the essential microelements necessary for maintaining the body's homeostasis. It serves various roles, including being a crucial component in the proper structure of many enzymes and supporting the transport of oxygen and electrons. Its deficiency can lead to anaemia, which is a common clinical condition often associated with thyroid diseases. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies, and its prevalence is strongly associated with socioeconomic status. It is the primary cause of anaemia in 42% of children and 50% of women. Importantly, iron deficiency is placed among the top 5 causes of disability in women. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme essential for the production of thyroid hormones, and iron is a key factor in its proper functioning. Therefore, in the case of iron deficiency, the activity of this enzyme is also reduced. Iron is also a factor that is important in epigenetic modification processes, and its deficiency may contribute to g

Micronutrients and Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review.

Wang R, Lin J, Liu Q, Wu W, Wu J, Liu X · Molecular nutrition & food research · 2024

Hair loss is a common problem that can negatively impact individuals' psychological well-being. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is one of the most prevalent types of nonscarring hair loss. This review summarizes the existing evidence on the relationship between AGA and various micronutrients, including vitamin B, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, selenium, zinc, manganese, and copper. A literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles published between 1993 and 2023. The search identified 49 relevant articles. The findings suggest that deficiencies or imbalances in these micronutrients may contribute to the pathogenesis of AGA and represent modifiable risk factors for hair loss prevention and treatment. Vitamin B, vitamin D, iron, and zinc appear to play critical roles in hair growth and maintenance. Deficiencies in these micronutrients have been associated with increased risk of AGA, while supplementation with these nutrients has shown potential benefits in improving h

Nutraceuticals and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review of the literature.

Menichini D, Ughetti C, Monari F, Di Vinci PL, Neri I, Facchinetti F · Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology · 2022

BackgroundThis study proposes a review of nutraceuticals used in the treatment of typical symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).The aim is to provide a classification of the most widely used nutraceutical supplements identifying the most effective nutraceuticals on glucose and insulin metabolism, the androgenic hormone profile, fertility, ovulatory capacity, inflammation, and oxidative stress.Material and MethodsWe included randomized controlled trials on PCOS patients undergoing administration of nutraceuticals, in particular vitamin D, vitamin E, probiotics, and inositols. These administrations are variable in terms of dosage, single supplementation, or combined with other compounds, dosage, and duration of the intervention.ResultsThe supplementation of inositols, at the physiologic ratio of 40: 1 of myo- and D-chiro-inositols, resulted to be the most effective in improving the glucose homeostasis and fertility, with a restoration of ovulatory capacity and menstrual regularity

The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy.

Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, Dayan CM, Eckstein A, Marcocci C · European journal of endocrinology · 2021

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the main extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Choice of treatment should be based on the assessment of clinical activity and severity of GO. Early referral to specialized centers is fundamental for most patients with GO. Risk factors include smoking, thyroid dysfunction, high serum level of thyrotropin receptor antibodies, radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, and hypercholesterolemia. In mild and active GO, control of risk factors, local treatments, and selenium (selenium-deficient areas) are usually sufficient; if RAI treatment is selected to manage GD, low-dose oral prednisone prophylaxis is needed, especially if risk factors coexist. For both active moderate-to-severe and sight-threatening GO, antithyroid drugs are preferred when managing Graves' hyperthyroidism. In moderate-to-severe and active GO i.v. glucocorticoids are more effective and better tolerated than oral glucocorticoids. Based on current evidence and efficacy/safety profile,

Efficacy and tolerability of an oral supplement containing amino acids, iron, selenium, and marine hydrolyzed collagen in subjects with hair loss (androgenetic alopecia, AGA or FAGA or telogen effluvium). A prospective, randomized, 3-month, controlled, assessor-blinded study.

Milani M, Colombo F, GFM‐O‐Trial Investigators Group · Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2023 · n=83

Oral supplementation with some amino acids (like methionine, taurine, and cysteine) could be useful in subjects with hair loss conditions such as androgenic alopecia (AGA or FAGA) or telogen effluvium (TE). Hydrolysed collagen (HC) oral supplementation has demonstrated to have beneficial effects on nail and skin health and could improve hair growth. A food supplement in tablet formulation containing hydrolysed fish-origin collagen (300 mg/dose), taurine, cysteine, methionine, iron, and selenium has been recently available. To date no controlled data are available regarding the clinical efficacy of this product as adjuvant to hair loss specific treatments in these clinical conditions. To evaluate and compare the efficacy and tolerability of an oral supplementation based on HC and amino acids in subjects with hair loss due to AGA/FAGA or chronic TE in combination with drug treatments in comparison with drug treatments alone. In a prospective, 12-week, randomized, assessor-blinded

Effect of selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A prospective randomized-controlled trial.

Hu Y, Feng W, Chen H, Shi H, Jiang L, Zheng X · Clinical and translational science · 2021

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in human. Recent studies of Se supplementation on the effect of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) have been reported, but the exact benefit is unclear as well as the underlying immunologic mechanism. We aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of Se supplement in patients with HT, and explore the potential mechanism against thyroid autoimmunity. A prospective, randomized-controlled study was performed in patients with HT assigned to two groups. Se-treated group (n = 43) received selenious yeast tablet (SYT) for 6 months, whereas no treatment in control group (n = 47). The primary outcome is the change of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) or thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb). Second, thyroid function, urinary iodine, Se, Glutathione peroxidase3 (GPx3), and Selenoprotein P1 (SePP1) levels were measured during the SYT treatment. Meanwhile, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their subsets activated Tregs (aTregs), resting Tregs, and se

The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Hair Loss: A Review.

Almohanna HM, Ahmed AA, Tsatalis JP, Tosti A · Dermatology and therapy · 2019

People commonly inquire about vitamin and mineral supplementation and diet as a means to prevent or manage dermatological diseases and, in particular, hair loss. Answering these queries is frequently challenging, given the enormous and conflicting evidence that exists on this subject. There are several reasons to suspect a role for micronutrients in non-scarring alopecia. Micronutrients are major elements in the normal hair follicle cycle, playing a role in cellular turnover, a frequent occurrence in the matrix cells in the follicle bulb that are rapidly dividing. Management of alopecia is an essential aspect of clinical dermatology given the prevalence of hair loss and its significant impact on patients' quality of life. The role of nutrition and diet in treating hair loss represents a dynamic and growing area of inquiry. In this review we summarize the role of vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, iron, selenium, and zinc, in non-scarri

Neuro-immune, metabolic, and oxidative pathways in depression due to hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Al-Baldawi SQ, Al-Hakeim HK, Khémiri I, Maes M · Journal of affective disorders · 2026

Hypothyroidism is linked to depression and several metabolic alterations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. This study investigates the impact of hormones, autoimmunity, metabolic, and antioxidant indicators on the severity of depression in patients with hypothyroidism. Forty-six patients with hypothyroidism and seventy-four with Hashimoto's thyroiditis participated in this study, along with sixty healthy controls. Patients were categorized based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (≥ 17) into those with depression and those without. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was employed to evaluate blood insulin and selenoprotein P (SePP). Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed to quantify serum selenium concentrations. Serum zinc and lipid profile indicators were measured using spectrophotometry. Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are linked to increased atherogenicity, insulin resistance, and reduced

The association between dietary mineral intake and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study.

Wei M, Wei J, Huang S · Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025

Minerals are essential for maintaining bone health; however, the relationship between specific mineral intakes and bone mineral density (BMD) remains insufficiently understood. This study aims to examine the associations between the intakes of dietary minerals, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and selenium (Se), and BMD. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate weighted generalized linear regression and smooth curve fitting were applied to evaluate the associations between dietary mineral intakes and BMD. Furthermore, subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed to assess the consistency of these associations across different individual characteristics. A total of 11,520 representative adult participants were included in the study. Tertile-based categorical analysis revealed significant positive correl

[Nutritional deficiencies in women and their impact on thyroid disorders].

Aparicio A, Bermejo LM, Loria-Kohen V, Salas-González MD, López-Sobaler AM · Nutricion hospitalaria · 2025

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones (TH), with a significantly higher prevalence in women. The pathophysiology of this condition is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, including nutritional imbalances. Several micronutrients, such as iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, and vitamin D, play a key role in the synthesis, peripheral conversion, and action of TH. Women are more vulnerable to these deficiencies due to specific nutritional requirements, which increases their susceptibility to thyroid dysfunction, particularly during stages such as pregnancy or the postpartum period. Current evidence supports the assessment of nutritional status as a complement to conventional pharmacological treatment with levothyroxine (LT4), especially in women with subclinical hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroid diseases. An appropriate nutritional intervention could play a crucial role in enhancing therapeutic response and

Role of Selenium Intake for Risk and Development of Hyperthyroidism.

Wang Y, Zhao F, Rijntjes E, Wu L, Wu Q, Sui J · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2019 · n=6152

To investigate the importance of dietary selenium (Se) for hyperthyroidism. We performed a more in-depth analysis of a large cross-sectional study of 6152 participants from two counties within the Shaanxi Province, China. These counties are characterized by different habitual Se intake. We investigated the effects of a different dietary Se supply (0.02, 0.18, 0.6, or 2.0 ppm Se) on disease development in a mouse model of Graves disease (GD). The cross-sectional study revealed a comparable prevalence of hyperthyroidism, irrespective of Se intake, in both counties. However, an unexpected sex-specific difference was noted, and Se deficiency might constitute a risk factor for hyperthyroidism, especially in males. In a mouse model, pathological thyroid morphology was affected, and greater Se intake exerted some protecting effects on the pathological distortion. Circulating thyroid hormone levels, malondialdehyde concentrations, total antioxidant capacity, and the titer of GD-causing TSH r

Metabolic syndrome and selenium during gestation and lactation.

Nogales F, Ojeda ML, Del Valle PM, Serrano A, Murillo ML, Carreras Sánchez O · European journal of nutrition · 2017

Selenium (Se) has a dual role in metabolic syndrome (MS) development as it has an antioxidant action against both "good" and "bad" reactive oxygen species. This study evaluates Se body profile in dams which present MS during gestation and lactation, in order to elucidate a normal dietary Se's implication in this pathology. Rats were randomized into control (C) and fructose (F) groups. The rich fructose diet (65 %) during gestation and lactation periods induced MS in dams. Se body distribution was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the hepatic activity of the four antioxidant enzymes and the bimolecular oxidation were determined by spectrophotometry. The cardiac activity was monitored using the indirect tail occlusion method. Lipid and glucidic profile was also analyzed. Despite the fact that the diet supplied has 0.1 ppm of Se, the minimal dietary requirement for rats, F dams ate less amount of food, and therefore, they had lower Se retention. However, t

Selenium

NIH ODS

This fact sheet for health professionals provides comprehensive information on selenium, including its function, intake recommendations, deficiency, toxicity, and dietary sources, with a section on thyroid function.

Oral Supplementation With Selenium in Patients With Mild Thyroid Orbitopathy to Reduce Its

n=33 · NCT03891043 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

Background: The activity of thyroid orbitopathy can be evaluated with CAS (Clinical Activity Score) based on 7 inflammatory signs. Selenium acts as an oxide-reducing agent in thioredoxin-reductase, and as an anti-inflammatory agent by reducing the hydroxy peroxide intermediates on the cyclo-oxygenase pathways. Increased oxidative stress has been observed in Graves' disease and therefore, by incorporating an antioxidant such as selenium in patients with mild thyroid ophthalmopathy, inflammatory activity could be reduced or inactivated. General Objective: To determine the clinical differences between patients with mild thyroid orbitopathy who were administered oral supplementation with selenium and patients who were administered oral placebo.

Randomized Open Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Selenium Plus Methimazole for Treatment of Graves' Hyperthyroidism

n=30 · NCT02727738 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED

Evaluation of the efficacy of the combined treatment (methimazole plus selenium) in the control of hyperthyroidism as compared to methimazole alone in 30 Graves' disease (GD) untreated patients.

Use of Myo-inositol and Selenium in Patients with Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules (TIR3A)

n=30 · NCT06736015 · RECRUITING · RECRUITING

Thyroid nodules present a variable risk of malignancy depending on the cytological result obtained from the ultrasound-assisted thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy. According to the Italian Cytology classification SIAPEC-IAP 2014, the TIR3A nodules are indeterminate nodules with a risk of malignancy lower than 10%. Clinical and instrumental follow-up is recommended in these cases, including repetition of the fine needle aspiration. A study have demonstrate the effect of a six-month treatment with a supplement containing myo-inositol and selenium on the size and elasticity of benign thyroid nodules. Our hypothesis is that the use of this supplement can determine a reduction in the size and consistency of the nodule assessed through ultrasound and elastosonography also in cytologically indeterminate (TIR3A) nodules and that treatment can reduce the cellular proliferation of these nodules assessed by immunocytochemistry. Therefore, we design a prospective randomized pilot study to assess efficacy and safety of myo-inositol and selenium in TIR3a thyroid nosules, comparing treated and untreated patients.