Thyroid nodules are lumps or growths that form within the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck.
Ranked by community outcomes, then evidence grade, Health Voice mentions, and recency.
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Low D linked to thyroid pathology
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Co-factor for thyroid hormone synthesis
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Reduces thyroid inflammation
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Reduces nodule size in autoimmune cases
Iodine is an essential trace element vital for thyroid hormone production, which is critical for metabolism, growth, and development, especially during pregnancy and lactation.
Fat-soluble vitamin that directs calcium into bones and away from arteries.
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Modulates thyroid hormone output
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Whole-food source of selenium for thyroid
Why it may help Thyroid Nodules: Corrects iodine deficiency contributing to nodules
Bladderwrack is a brown seaweed rich in iodine, traditionally used for thyroid support, but its high iodine content necessitates cautious use, especially for individuals with thyroid conditions.
A traditional European herb that has been studied for mild hyperthyroidism.
Community outcomes
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Community Discussions
How global health authorities view Thyroid Nodules.
Major health bodies like the Mayo Clinic and NIH emphasize that most thyroid nodules are benign and require monitoring. While they acknowledge the role of iodine in thyroid health, they caution against unguided supplementation. There is limited strong evidence from these bodies supporting specific natural interventions for treating or preventing thyroid nodules, often recommending conventional medical evaluation and management.
Indexed studies for Thyroid Nodules, grouped by source type and quality.
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Pooled analyses across multiple human trials.
White SL, Brasher MS, Pattee J, Zhou W, Chapman S, Jee YH · Nature genetics · 2026
Thyroid diseases are common and highly heritable. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from 19 biobanks for five thyroid diseases: thyroid cancer (ThC), benign nodular goiter, Graves' disease, lymphocytic thyroiditis and primary hypothyroidism. We analyzed genetic association data from ~2.9 million genomes and identified 313 known and 570 new independent loci linked to thyroid diseases. We discovered genetic correlations between ThC, benign nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid diseases (rg = 0.16-0.97). Telomere maintenance genes contributed to benign and malignant thyroid nodular disease risk, whereas cell cycle, DNA repair and damage response genes were associated with ThC. We propose a paradigm that explains genetic predisposition to benign and malignant thyroid nodules. We found polygenic risk score associations with ThC risk of structural disease recurrence, tumor size, multifocality, lymph node metastases and extranodal extension. Polygen
Jassal K, Edwards M, Koohestani A, Brown W, Serpell JW, Lee JC · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) tools have become widely studied for thyroid ultrasonography (USG) classification. The real-world applicability of these developed tools as pre-operative diagnostic aids is limited due to model overfitting, clinician trust, and a lack of gold standard surgical histology as ground truth class label. The ongoing dilemma within clinical thyroidology is surgical decision making for indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITN). Genomic sequencing classifiers (GSC) have been utilised for this purpose; however, costs and availability preclude universal adoption creating an inequity gap. We conducted this review to analyse the current evidence of AI in ITN diagnosis without the use of GSC. English language articles evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of AI for ITNs were identified. A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus from inception to 18 February 2025 was performed using comprehensive search strategies incorporating MeSH headings and k
Efficacy of HIFU for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Fan KY, Loh EW, Tam KW · European radiology · 2024
Thyroid nodules are common and sometimes associated with cosmetic issues. Surgical treatment has several disadvantages, including visible scarring. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a recent noninvasive treatment for thyroid nodules. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of HIFU for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the outcomes of HIFU for patients with benign thyroid nodules. We conducted a meta-analysis by using a random effects model and evaluated the volume reduction ratio, treatment success rate, and incidence of treatment-related complications. Thirty-two studies were included in the systematic review. Only 14 studies were used in the meta-analysis because the other 18 involved data collected during overlapping periods. The average volume reduction ratios at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment were 39.02% (95% CI: 27.57 to 50.47%, I2: 97.9%), 48.55% (95% CI:
Structured reviews of the full body of evidence (incl. Cochrane).
Abaalkhail M, Alorainy J, Alotaibi O, Albuhayjan N, Alnuwaybit A, Alqaryan S · Gland surgery · 2024 · n=51
Calcitonin-negative medullary thyroid carcinoma (CNMTC), a rare form of MTC characterized by classic histopathology with normal serum calcitonin levels, presents a diagnostic challenge. This systematic review aims to summarize the clinical and pathological features of CNMTC and evaluate the utility of alternative biochemical markers. Eligibility criteria for this systematic review included patients with a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), normal preoperative serum calcitonin levels, or negative immunohistochemical (IHC) stain for calcitonin. A comprehensive electronic search strategy was employed on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from January 1st, 1950, to March 9th, 2023. This systematic review consists of 32 studies with 101 patients (66% females, 33% males) with a mean age of 52.2 years. All patients had a preoperative serum calcitonin level below the upper reference limit. Out of 101 patients, only seven underwent the Pentagastrin S
A Systematic Review of Natural Language Processing Methods and Applications in Thyroidology.
Loor-Torres R, Duran M, Toro-Tobon D, Chavez MM, Ponce O, Jacome CS · Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2024
This study aimed to review the application of natural language processing (NLP) in thyroid-related conditions and to summarize current challenges and potential future directions. We performed a systematic search of databases for studies describing NLP applications in thyroid conditions published in English between January 1, 2012 and November 4, 2022. In addition, we used a snowballing technique to identify studies missed in the initial search or published after our search timeline until April 1, 2023. For included studies, we extracted the NLP method (eg, rule-based, machine learning, deep learning, or hybrid), NLP application (eg, identification, classification, and automation), thyroid condition (eg, thyroid cancer, thyroid nodule, and functional or autoimmune disease), data source (eg, electronic health records, health forums, medical literature databases, or genomic databases), performance metrics, and stages of development. We identified 24 eligible NLP studies focusing on thyroi
Mass spectrometry in measurement of thyroid biomarkers.
Zhao Q, Song D, Ju H, Xing W, Ma J, Xiao P · Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2024
In 2022, the number of patients with thyroid disease in China exceeded 200 million (10 million with hyperthyroidism, 90 million with hypothyroidism, and 100 million with other thyroid disease such as goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer). Well-established markers include FT3, FT4, TT3, TT4, and TSH tested by a number of immunoassay methods. This approach is based on the primary binding of antigen with antibody and a subsequent secondary chemical reaction that provides an indirect measure. The use of traceable standards for quantitation remains an important factor to ensure inter-assay reliability and precision. Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has received considerable attention as an analytic tool due to high resolution and quantitative accuracy. In addition, MS allows for sensitive determination of low-abundance markers making it ideal for development of traceable standards. Furthermore, this technology will allow for the development of highly accurate thyroid biomarker assays
Recommendations from medical societies (NICE, AHA, ADA, ACG, Endocrine Society…).
Endocrine Society
While not directly an Endocrine Society guideline, the Endocrine Society website provides access to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, which are a comprehensive resource for the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.
Clinical Practice Guideline | Management of Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Endocrine Society
The Endocrine Society offers clinical practice guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer, covering diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions.
Thyroid cancer: assessment and management (NG194)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
This guideline covers diagnosing and managing thyroid cancer, including diagnostic tests, surgical interventions, and follow-up care. It addresses aspects relevant to evaluating thyroid nodules.
Controlled human studies with random assignment.
Destek S, Demirbolat İ, Yabacı A, Kalemoglu M, Kartal M, Ersoy EY · Journal of medicinal food · 2025 · n=33
Thyroid nodules are common and affect half of the general population by the age of 60 years. The cause is believed to be due to hypothyroidism, mutational changes, and autoimmunity leading to thyroid carcinoma. Dill, a traditional herbal remedy, has been used to treat thyroid dysfunctions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. This study evaluates the effects of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) on patients with thyroiditis and nodular goiter. A study was conducted on patients with benign thyroid nodules. They were divided into two groups; placebo (=35) and dill group (n = 33). Dried and ground dill was put into hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsules and patients were given three capsules per day for 90 days. Various tests were conducted at the beginning and end of the study, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), and C-reactive protein (CRP) analysis, and thyroid
Spiezia S, Offi C, Misso C, Antonelli G, Nuccitelli R, Tufano RP · Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025 · n=20
Background: Thyroid nodules are common in the general population, and most are benign. Thyroidectomy remains the most common treatment for symptomatic benign thyroid nodular disease. The objective of this study is to determine if a novel, cell-specific, nonthermal modality called nanosecond pulsed field ablation (nsPFA) can provide a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic thyroid nodules. Methods: In this clinical feasibility trial (NCT06117085), an nsPFA percutaneous electrode was used to ablate benign thyroid nodules under ultrasound guidance. In Cohort 1 (5 patients), ablations were created during a thyroidectomy procedure (treat-and-resect), so that initial ablation zone characterization could be assessed histologically. In Cohort 2 (20 patients), up to 4 isolated ablations were created in the in situ thyroid for dose-ranging and to allow for estimation of ablation zone volume. In Cohort 3 (5 patients), the entire nodule was ablated with therapeutic intent using multiple, ove
Cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional human studies.
Cytologic and Molecular Assessment of Isthmus Thyroid Nodules and Carcinomas.
Jasim S, Golding A, Bimston D, Alshalalfa M, Chen Y, Jiang R · Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025 · n=177
Background: Isthmic thyroid nodules are more likely to be malignant and isthmic differentiated thyroid cancer demonstrates less favorable behavior compared with lobar locations. The goal of this study was to assess molecular differences of thyroid nodules and carcinomas from the isthmus relative to the lobes. Methods: The Afirma thyroid nodule database (n = 177,227) was assessed for cytologic and molecular differences between isthmus and lobar nodules in this observational cohort study. Genome-wide differential expression analysis was conducted to decipher transcriptomic differences. Histopathology reports (n = 583) of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) (n = 389) and infiltrative follicular subtype of PTC (IF-PTC) (n = 194) from Afirma discovery cohorts and from thyroid cancer patients managed at an integrative endocrine surgery community care practice were analyzed for molecular differences between isthmic and lobar cancers. Results: In the Afirma database, 8527 (4.8%) isthmus nodules wer
Sleep factors and risk of thyroid cancer, nodules and dysfunction: Mendelian randomization study.
Fan Y, Zheng X, Xu T, Li P, Zhang Y, Ran Y · Gland surgery · 2025
The interplay between sleep physiology and endocrine regulation has been well-established, with the thyroid gland, as a key endocrine organ, demonstrating a physiologically plausible. Previous studies have indicated a potential correlation between sleep factors and thyroid diseases, yet causality remains uncertain. Given the complex interplay of confounders associated with sleep disorders and lifestyle factors, we employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to minimize confounding bias and rigorously investigate the causal relationship. The specific information on thyroid diseases-including thyroid cancer, thyroid nodules (TNs), and thyroid dysfunction-was obtained from the FinnGen Biobank using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Information on sleep factors such as insomnia symptoms, chronotype, and sleep duration were sourced from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted within the UK Biobank, which provides validated GWAS d
Intelligent diagnosis of thyroid nodules with AI ultrasound assistance and cytology classification.
Cai X, Zhou Y, Ren J, Wei J, Lu S, Gu H · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025 · n=243
Accurate evaluation of thyroid nodules is crucial for effective management; however, methods such as ultrasonography and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) can be subjective and operator-dependent. Indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) complicate diagnosis, coming at the expense of time, money, and potentially additional FNA samplings, causing more discomfort for the patients. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) assisted ultrasound diagnosis system have demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance and the potential to aid in the differentiation of ITNs. This study aims to develop an AI classifier that integrates the AI-assisted ultrasound diagnosis system, FNAC, and demographic data to enhance the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules, and to compare the diagnostic performance of the models, with a focus on diagnosing ITNs. In the present research, 620 thyroid nodules were collected from a single medical center and divided into training and testin
Public-health agencies: NCCIH, NIH, CDC, NHS.
Thyroid Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version
National Cancer Institute (NIH)
This patient-version PDQ provides up-to-date information on thyroid cancer treatment, including details on the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules as precursors or incidental findings.
Registered ongoing or completed trials (ClinicalTrials.gov).
n=40 · NCT06225765 · RECRUITING · RECRUITING
To determine if transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is a safe and effective procedure compared to traditional open thyroidectomy. Surgical outcomes, patients' satisfaction, voice and swallowing outcomes will be assessed.
Validation of Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasound Elastography for Detection of Thyroid Cancer
n=590 · NCT02462512 · UNKNOWN · UNKNOWN
For patients with thyroid gland nodule, fine-needle aspiration biopsy has been proved to be an efficient tool for thyroid cancer diagnosis. However, it is somewhat an invasive procedure and is subject to sampling and analysis uncertainties. Thus, improved, more reliable criteria for determining which nodule should be be aspirated are needed. Ultrasound elastography has been shown to be useful in the differential diagnosis of breast and prostate cancers. Ultrasound elastography also may discriminate malignant from benign nodule.
Validation of a Multi-Genetic Test for the Diagnosis of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
n=3100 · NCT03061318 · COMPLETED · COMPLETED
A clinical trial is proposed, to clinically validate the diagnostic performance of a new genetic test developed in Chile. It will determine the nature of thyroid nodules that have been informed as indeterminate by cytology through a fine needle aspiration (FNA). The Genetic Classifier for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules is a quantitative gene expression test, that combines the results for a panel of 10 biomarkers (CXCR3, CCR3, CXCl10, CK19, TIMP1, CLDN1, CAR, XB130, HO-1 and CCR7), to generate a single number score. It is indicated on patients with a thyroid nodule informed by cytology as indeterminate (Bethesda III and IV, according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology). This test would be used by taking a sample with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) and thus, being able to predict, with high accuracy, benign nodules that do not require surgery.
Curated cross-source summaries (TRIP Database and similar).
Cochrane Library: Thyroid Nodule
Cochrane
The Cochrane Library provides a collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to thyroid nodules, offering high-quality evidence on various interventions and diagnostic tests.
TRIP Database: Thyroid Nodules
TRIP Database
TRIP Database is a clinical search engine that allows users to quickly find high-quality research evidence on thyroid nodules, including guidelines, systematic reviews, and primary studies.
Cochrane
Cochrane provides systematic reviews and meta-analyses of healthcare interventions, offering high-quality evidence regarding various aspects of thyroid nodule management and diagnostic approaches.
Conventional care for thyroid nodules typically involves monitoring with ultrasound, blood tests to assess thyroid function, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy to determine if the nodule is benign or malignant. Treatment options for symptomatic or cancerous nodules may include medication (e.g., thyroid hormone suppression) or surgery.
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This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules, especially before starting any new supplements or making significant dietary changes.
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